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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1687558239434-S450AOW37LDXQTN2HNUD/Floyd%2Bbhamla%2BPNAS%2Bcover%2B2023.jpeg Publications - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/5d7a35a1-82d5-4b6f-be18-1903d2f08ab5/Tuazon+worm+blob+2023+soft+matter+cover.jpg Publications - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/5cd9255d-2cd1-4e37-b84b-8c6623248048/SoftMatter+2014+Cover+Bhamla.jpg Publications - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://bhamla.gatech.edu/home daily 1.0 2025-12-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1686947753591-FJZQ2TYYHGD956QX9T1T/image-asset.jpeg Home - Bhamla named as 10 visionaries by Newsweek Magazine in America's Greatest Disruptors Read more: https://www.newsweek.com/2023/06/30/magic-mushrooms-1-hearing-aids-medical-marvels-disrupting-healthcare-1805918.html https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1634656339853-RRMG00SBCEUJBDVDMM58/unsplash-image-Uz4xjrVBO6c.jpg Home - This $1 hearing aid could treat millions with hearing loss LoCHAid can be assembled in 30 minutes with cheap parts Science covers of our low-cost hearing aid. https://www.science.org/content/article/1-hearing-aid-could-treat-millions-hearing-loss https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/61d6d5b1-4564-4c2d-84aa-5d614f144c87/ezgif.com-video-to-gif.gif Home - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1627502908521-VF6H2SBUC9NMA05ON2LL/Bhamla-Collage_Homepage-5.png Home - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1631121578645-PHZJJ44Y6YQKTVO6YS3L/Bhamla-Lab-Logo_Green.png Home - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1631212430419-QK2JDNFCGCI9GESTWZNX/arrow-orange.gif Home - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1627501371289-21ZZNDW5NBH0TQHHW3ND/Bhamla-Collage_Homepage-2.png Home - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1627501325487-DHKYNDZR41B3CSC680YT/Bhamla-Collage_Homepage-1.png Home - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. 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Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/98fdd848-b498-486a-aa09-57271ea82019/sciadv.2026.12.issue-11.largecover+-+bhamla+2026.jpg Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds - Make it stand out A border collie herds a flock of sheep. Controlling temporal networks, that have connections that change over time, poses a significant challenge, especially in unpredictable real-world situations. Chakrabortty and Bhamla studied sheepdog trials, where skilled dog-handler teams control small flocks of sheep, and showed that trained dogs exploit indecisiveness to herd and divide the flock. Based on these insights, the authors developed an Indecisive Swarm Algorithm that can more efficiently control time-varying networks, such as swarm robotics, vehicular traffic, and social opinion. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1fa684ec-f170-4933-97f5-112e3ec33c4e/sheeptimeline.jpg Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds - Make it stand out The historical timeline of animal herding with the help of dogs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/87e1f4e0-b14c-46b2-a359-afb062c456f8/sheeptimeline.jpg Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds - Make it stand out A photo of Old Hemp, a stud dog known to be the father of modern Border Collie, and a photo of the first international sheepdog trials at Alexandra Palace in London in 1876. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/9a52f5dc-9dad-4347-9093-39dfa8ae451e/Herding_Light_Sheep.gif Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds - Make it stand out A dog herding sheep in a sheepdog trial. Link to source https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/72a778f7-60db-4831-ba38-a76f0fb7d29e/53095909898_85bddff32e_o.jpg Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds - Make it stand out “Light” sheep. Credit: Luke Freeman on Flickr https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/584c3787-3451-45b0-8eac-e6c4c5995108/47969766496_5ca3bc0ab9_o.jpg Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds - Make it stand out “Heavy” sheep. Credit: Larry James on Flickr https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/b354651a-6e61-4978-813e-301bb181a4c0/sheepdog+cover+letter.png Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds - Make it stand out Sheepdog in waiting mode to ensure sheep are in the right orientation before applying pressure for movement. Image source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1736788826192-JDJZOCPJSGV5OE7G8H2J/Herding_Two_Step.gif Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1720200754106-42R8KDRHVNN78NPX94F3/Shedding_Two_Step.gif Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/b2cababe-510f-4f8f-b97e-5c9d5f603d47/SI+1+%281%29.gif Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds - Flee or follow: Why small flocks are unpredictable When a solitary sheep encounters a dog, it runs. In a large herd, sheep often move toward the center (selfish herd) and the group becomes more coherent. Small groups sit in between: the “run” instinct and the “stay with the group” instinct compete, so the flock flips between the two. That switching is exactly what makes 4–5 sheep feel chaotic and hard to steer. Our simplified model quantifies this noise-driven switching and lets us map how behavior changes with group size and threat level. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/359766c7-de9b-425c-85d9-bb73545ed130/Screenshot+2026-03-02+at+4.05.58%E2%80%AFPM.png Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds - Herding vs splitting depends on “lightness'“ Our model predicts a tradeoff that handlers know intuitively: light sheep are easier to herd into a cohesive unit, but they are harder to split cleanly because they panic and reorient individually when pressured from multiple sides. Heavier (less responsive) sheep resist herding, but their more structured reorientations can create brief, repeatable windows that make splitting possible. A key nuance from the model is that splitting is not “the heavier the better.” Extremely heavy sheep can ignore too much; extremely light sheep can scatter. The easiest splitting often happens at an intermediate lightness, where the group still couples strongly enough to move together but does not instantly dissolve into panic. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/33548006-3f6e-4084-9b48-637a2ef05e82/Figure_5_Updated.png Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds - Why 3–5 sheep can be harder than 50 Our phase diagram explains why sheepdog trials use tiny flocks (often 3-5 sheep). For small groups, increasing pressure can push the system from grazing (ignoring) to uncontrolled fleeing, with only a narrow window where true flocking is stable. The dog-handler team is working near a tipping point: too little pressure and nothing happens; too much and the group scatters. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/0546ac10-1502-4eaa-852c-adcac159b46a/Herding.gif Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds - Sheepdogs use a two-step control strategy Herding and splitting both rely on a two-step strategy. First, the dog shapes orientation while the flock is mostly stationary (align the “decision”). Only after the group is oriented correctly does the dog increase pressure to trigger motion. One control insight behind that two-step strategy: pressure mostly controls how fast the flock lines up, but randomness controls how long that alignment lasts. In our simulations, increasing pressure (or having “lighter” sheep) makes the flock reach the desired orientation faster, but the time the flock stays aligned is set mainly by noise. In essence: dogs can steer the direction, but they can’t freeze the decision, so timing matters. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/ae6a7365-fdf7-42e5-b0ed-d4dcd0a22621/isa.gif Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds - Using indecisiveness as a control strategy in artificial agents To test whether these ideas generalize beyond animals, we built a minimal swarm-control rule inspired by sheep: the Indecisive Swarm Algorithm (ISA). In ISA, agents randomly switch who they pay attention to, sometimes following the controller and sometimes copying a neighbor. (Technically: the interaction network rewires over time, a “temporal network”.) When benchmarked against two common alternatives - averaging-based swarms (ASA) and fixed leader-follower swarms (LFSA) - ISA tracks a path with much lower controller effort under noisy conditions. In short: for some tasks, it can be better to sample one input at a time and keep switching, rather than averaging everything at once. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/809131a4-4725-472e-b773-09c8c39ff0ef/SI_Video_11_Final2.gif Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds - When noise is high, “averaging” can fail Averaging works well when inputs are clean. But when noise is strong, averaging can dilute the one useful signal you have. In our simulations, averaging agents can be faster at low noise, but they can fail completely at high noise. Indecisive agents are often slower, but they remain controllable because they preserve clear “epochs” of alignment instead of mixing everything. For splitting (shedding), the contrast is even sharper: averaging-style rules struggle to create a clean split, while indecisive switching makes splitting possible. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/bc5d2ea8-cb26-4ebd-ab02-0d7139f0f4c0/Screenshot+2026-03-03+at+5.02.46%E2%80%AFAM.png Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds - Temporality framework for indecisive agents (ISA) We can summarize “network temporality” in one sentence: it’s the timing mismatch between how fast agents update their state and how fast the “who-listens-to-whom” connections change. • If connections reshuffle much faster than decisions, agents effectively pool lots of information (averaging-like). • If connections barely reshuffle, agents get stuck in fixed chains (leader-follower-like). • The sweet spot is when reshuffling happens at the same cadence as state updates. (Technical: temporality T = τd/τn, and control energy is minimized at T = 1 across group sizes in our trajectory-following task.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/fb367058-3009-4fb2-bb64-c438c4ac7dcf/Screenshot+2026-03-03+at+4.58.50%E2%80%AFAM.png Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds - The smoky-room analogy for ISA Imagine a smoky room where only one person can see the exit. · If everyone averages everyone’s guesses, the correct direction gets diluted. · If everyone follows one person forever, you can get stuck in loops. · If you pick one person to listen to each step, and reshuffle who you listen to often, the correct signal spreads through the crowd. (Technical: this is input-source switching in a temporal network.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731899880403-1KYKVVGXB9KLTTNVHLOW/Sheepdog-pg-1-colors-final.jpg Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731899892232-9HEHTWBBKW01RZVYHP4C/Sheepdog-pg-2-colors-final.jpg Projects blog - Controlling Noisy Herds https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/ultrafast-light-controlled-cells monthly 0.5 2026-03-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/f6d8a7f1-2c01-47b9-ac9e-f7f917b9f571/pulsedgif.gif Projects blog - Ultrafast Light Controlled Cells - Make it stand out Programmed contracting protein network that is moving beads. Bead movement is tracked with blue dots. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/57d61fe4-872f-4cd7-88ab-de84c2f450f2/contractionnoatp.gif Projects blog - Ultrafast Light Controlled Cells - Make it stand out Ca²⁺ diffuses into a sandwich-structured chamber from left to right, inducing a gel-like transition in the Tcb2 solution and contraction is happening along the boundary. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/a125036f-2f99-442b-b442-9964e3b7a2df/stargif.gif Projects blog - Ultrafast Light Controlled Cells - Make it stand out Microscale protein network (right) contracting to a star pattern (left) within milliseconds. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/373862c6-5902-487b-9cb7-69fc88a13657/orbitgif.gif Projects blog - Ultrafast Light Controlled Cells - TCB2 protein dynamics allow us to control the network with light and calcium. Because the protein network exists inside of the cell, it is hard to study what forces influence it. We made a protocol to isolate protein, Tcb2, from Tetrahymena thermophila, to focus on the key properties of the protein. This protein naturally forms a fibrous network and contracts when exposed to calcium. Using light-sensitive chemicals to precisely control when and where calcium is released, we can control when and where the Tcb2 protein network contracts. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/3cef7411-c10e-45bd-845a-d72a4fb96c8c/pivpulse.gif Projects blog - Ultrafast Light Controlled Cells - Pulsed light allows us to control the state of the network To continuously “recharge” the system, we used a pulsed, or ratcheting, illumination protocol: by flashing light at the cells, the calcium-driven active region continues to grow and recruit Ca²⁺. To understand how the Tcb2 moves, we made a simulation to understand how the Tcb2 expands under different inputs. The pulsing allows us to repeatedly contract the network, maintaining sub-second contraction speeds, offering potential for Tcb2 networks to generate controlled micron-scale mechanical forces using light-based protocols. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/220be5ad-7b24-4c9d-a176-8f7310a5be57/beadsliposomes.gif Projects blog - Ultrafast Light Controlled Cells - The contracting protein network can be used to transport particles By using simulations and reinforcement learning, we can generate a light pattern that controls the network to push or pull according to our will. The network can maneuver external objects such as liposomes, lipid particles, and polystyrene beads. In the near future, the protein network can be used to exert precise mechanical forces at the micrometer and second scales. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/b2b36afd-9847-48d3-b445-061394098675/ritrainingcells.gif Projects blog - Ultrafast Light Controlled Cells - We use reinforcement learning to control the protein network Using an artificial intelligence technique called reinforcement learning, we can develop protocols for precisely manipulating the motion of the Tcb2 gel. Here we show how the light intensity profile (shown in yellow) can dynamically control spatial densities of different molecules and contraction velocity of the gel. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/c974e04a-3ffe-4f36-bb56-a597c1fbc8c5/Adobe+Express+-+1-s2.0-S0021925825026766-mmc1-2.gif Projects blog - Ultrafast Light Controlled Cells - Light Controls Protein Assembly A flash of light releasing calcium causes Tcb2 proteins to instantly build visible networks. This new assay lets us control when, where, and what ion levels triggers proteins assemble, revealing how light and ions can drive structure formation in real time. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/bdc9df26-c4a0-405f-a55f-1d81805ef85d/Screenshot+2025-10-30+at+4.12.30%E2%80%AFPM+1.png Projects blog - Ultrafast Light Controlled Cells - Higher-order assemblies: A single protein, like a biological LEGO piece, creates complex structures from just one building block. It's nature's instant architecture, triggered by calcium. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/71533d2e-47c0-4287-a05d-f997ddde0c90/Screenshot+2025-10-21+at+3.56.59%E2%80%AFPM.png Projects blog - Ultrafast Light Controlled Cells - A Critical Calcium Level We found that Tcb2 only assembles once calcium-bound monomers pass a critical level (~100 µM). Below that, nothing happens, but beyond it, the protein snaps into an organized network, showing a switch-like response to calcium. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/da450b59-7a70-4ace-9a46-32d1d2a3cf70/Adobe+Express+-+1-s2.0-S0021925825026766-mmc4-2.gif Projects blog - Ultrafast Light Controlled Cells - Mapping the Calcium Control Sites Mutating Tcb2’s calcium-binding sites revealed one crucial residue, D184, that licenses self-assembly. Other sites simply tune how sensitive the protein is to calcium, uncovering a built-in molecular control system. https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/sweeping-worms-particles monthly 0.5 2026-01-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/fa45f904-2778-4fa3-93cb-a1940600d72f/gt-newsletter-Harry-4.gif Projects blog - Sweeping worms https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/01ed9a0c-802d-4bde-9c9c-0bf6220a1db9/Screen+Recording+2026-01-08+at+8.26.54%E2%80%AFPM-2.gif Projects blog - Sweeping worms - Make it stand out Our robot sweeps and gathers particles just like a living worm. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/3da0f359-6dea-4525-a24c-717aec84e664/gt-sim.gif Projects blog - Sweeping worms - A single filament can do the work of many “active particles” Most particle-collection strategies in active matter rely on swarms of active units. Here, one extended, self-propelled filament is enough to generate clustering through repeated contact and body deformation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/91f4b0ff-10ab-49c7-8f8d-20b90ccb028c/Screenshot+2026-01-19+at+7.56.26%E2%80%AFPM.png Projects blog - Sweeping worms - The design rule is the sweep width Across worms, robots, and simulations, cluster size is controlled by the width of the cleared path, W, the filament’s effective footprint. When W is larger, the filament corrals particles into larger clusters. At steady state, the average cluster size grows approximately like W² (relative to arena size). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/fa29ccaa-b969-4780-99a1-2d9027f4dd8d/si2.gif Projects blog - Sweeping worms - Collection saturates because the filament also breaks clusters The filament is both a builder and a breaker: it pushes particles together, but it also fragments clusters when it plows through them. These competing processes balance, leading to a natural steady state rather than runaway growth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/89cfaf2c-8711-4ac7-a6ca-6a354388f6f3/Screenshot+2026-01-08+at+7.28.11%E2%80%AFPM.png Projects blog - Sweeping worms - Collection converges in a fixed number of “sweeps,” not a fixed number of minutes If you measure time in units of how long the filament takes to traverse the arena, worms, robots, and simulations reach steady behavior after on the order of a few dozen sweeps. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/38630078-6744-42fe-a59c-35fbab89e869/Screen+Recording+2026-01-20+at+11.20.57%E2%80%AFAM-2.gif Projects blog - Sweeping worms - Robot geometry is a control knob for collection By changing filament geometry (flexibility, branching, built-in curvature, or speed asymmetry along the chain), we tune the footprint width W and therefore tune how much gets collected, without adding sensing or centralized control. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/495c17dc-0966-487b-8fd7-fb5cb61e4fdf/IMG_0882.gif Projects blog - Sweeping worms - Where the piles end up depends on length and exploration pattern Long filaments tend to concentrate clusters toward the arena center, while short ones leave particles more peripheral. Centralization also depends on how the filament explores the arena (very flexible trajectories can sometimes push clusters outward). https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/hoppingmudskippers monthly 0.5 2026-01-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/dd0552bb-9fd3-4d74-8dce-5a52c1f2adc8/46_60fps-4.gif Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/52a5635c-07f5-4012-b5cc-b82821200589/Sequence+02-3.gif Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/8bbf95c5-129f-43a3-99b9-a5daa4b41dc4/Screenshot+2025-11-02+at+8.31.15%E2%80%AFPM.png Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/28bab2d7-3309-4d67-8eaa-17bdde75ab4d/Screenshot+2025-11-02+at+8.45.49%E2%80%AFPM.png Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers - Two Ways to Hop Mudskippers use two distinct movement styles: rhythmic periodic hopping across the surface, and nonperiodic hopping that mixes short glides or “taxiing” between leaps. Most of the time, they stick to the steady, repeated hops, likely their most efficient escape strategy. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/a4a92e63-22e7-4374-b253-c6a366086ecf/Screenshot+2025-11-01+at+4.50.49%E2%80%AFPM.png Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers - Every Hop Follows a Pattern Each hop follows a predictable parabolic path, similar to the ballistic motion seen in frogs or flying fish. Using our 3D tracking, we measured velocity peaks with each takeoff and found that both hop height and stride length scale with body size up to a critical threshold (~4 cm in body length). Beyond that, performance plateaus, likely due to the balance between muscle strength and body weight https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/8dc44a83-0554-4da7-97a7-8eacb51423c7/image+%284%29.png Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers - Tracking Every Millimeter Our 3D tracking system captured each hop with millimeter-scale precision, even in muddy, unpredictable field conditions. This portable setup revealed the full motion of fins, bodies, and trajectories that were invisible in single-camera studies. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/d57755c0-2f59-4b8d-a7bf-ac99f06ced38/Screenshot+2025-11-02+at+8.26.23%E2%80%AFPM.png Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers - Terrain Shapes Motion The reconstructed 3D environment revealed that local topography and water depth strongly influence hopping behavior. Mudskippers adjusted their path curvature and turning angles to avoid obstacles and respond to predator cues. By mapping terrain and trajectory together, we could visualize how these fish navigate the ever-changing boundaries between land and water. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/2775725c-00c8-4e70-81e2-016e70ebd80e/Screenshot+2025-11-02+at+8.52.12%E2%80%AFPM.png Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers - Speed Grows with Size We found that mean hop velocity increases with body length. However, beyond a certain size, speed gains begin to level off, indicating biomechanical limits in how thrust scales with mass https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1767982267433-YXCI3KU8A5K4UJI7WQRC/20240829_131040.jpg Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1764787248198-PK9R1UAYYAR9QIZTOPVS/IMG_4542.jpeg Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1764787235458-C2A0TTPPGLEZ7KY2A46H/IMG_4525.jpeg Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1764787249284-FCC9VJ24QVKA9KNUAND0/IMG_4527.jpeg Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1767982266946-TZ41VPTYIKKHBJTWTIMM/20240829_220818.jpg Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1767982270507-P6YJ059C0NMVP16VDG6U/20240828_154448.jpg Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1764787242472-WUB3QYAGUES63XPMIXVY/IMG_4528.jpeg Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1764787253843-E381RTTMQ8PY6GZGAYQZ/IMG_4543.jpeg Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1764787235058-7HORY0G2GSKU4CZCXYKK/IMG_4526.jpeg Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1764787256403-R408SQID2JM57RXHJXPX/IMG_4557.jpeg Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1764787259251-L1741BRYJZLAMY4PXST1/IMG_4554.jpeg Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1764787264617-Z5GGI1BQQOYUDPG3HIIS/IMG_4544.jpeg Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1767982260549-LXISGIN9WABC45M3JIYJ/20240831_102727.jpg Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1767982258547-CAIU7T7BB10G14KPS7KR/20240829_223417.jpg Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1767982287534-YFHGB4TR2TL2VRXX8LBG/20240829_152917.jpg Projects blog - Hopping Mudskippers https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/rotopatch monthly 0.5 2025-09-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/69ef3411-7345-41d5-afef-49cb68240b89/SI_video_1-3-3.gif Projects blog - RotoPatch for Gene Delivery - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/b0f98a4b-6036-41a8-a09d-4d52ef660a78/Expanded_view.jpg Projects blog - RotoPatch for Gene Delivery - Make it stand out These are key components of the motorized RotoPatch https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/6321f711-456e-4fab-b627-0be55b06020f/SI_video_1-4.gif Projects blog - RotoPatch for Gene Delivery - Turning a Twist into Pulses With ePatch, each electric pulse required a separate manual click, which quickly led to user fatigue and inconsistent timing between pulses. We developed RotoPatch to solve this problem. By twisting the cap once, RotoPatch delivers a series of pulses in sequence, replacing repeated clicks with a single, simple motion. This rotary mechanism transforms one action into multiple high-voltage discharges, offering the same effect that previously required bulky electroporation machines. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/6aaccd22-17b6-4b45-a399-bbfaaf6c078d/Screenshot+2025-09-13+at+8.59.45%E2%80%AFPM.png Projects blog - RotoPatch for Gene Delivery - Gentle on the Skin We designed the device with microneedle electrodes that penetrate only the upper layers of the skin. This allowed us to localize the electric field within the epidermis and dermis, rather than deeper tissue. In our animal experiments, this configuration enabled electroporation of both mRNA and plasmid DNA, leading to measurable protein expression in mice and rats. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/27fc26bc-711d-4a5d-a31c-cbd5071ed231/Screenshot+2025-09-16+at+6.25.31%E2%80%AFPM.png Projects blog - RotoPatch for Gene Delivery - Making mRNA Shine In mice, we delivered firefly luciferase mRNA intradermally and applied electroporation with RotoPatch. Bioluminescence imaging showed strong reporter expression that persisted for about 21 days, whereas injection without electroporation declined and reached baseline by day 9. Quantitative analysis showed that the piezoelectric devices significantly enhanced cumulative protein expression compared to no electroporation, with a six-fold increase for RotoPatch and a thirteen-fold increase for ePatch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/bf5326e3-a32d-4383-a3ce-63d508d2a63c/Screenshot+2025-09-13+at+9.43.33%E2%80%AFPM.png Projects blog - RotoPatch for Gene Delivery - DNA Delivery Works Too We delivered a plasmid DNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) into rat skin using RotoPatch. Fluorescence imaging confirmed expression of GFP at the electroporated sites, while plasmid injection alone produced only background levels. Although the signal declined after four days, these results showed that RotoPatch can successfully deliver both DNA and mRNA in vivo. https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/rhagovelia monthly 0.5 2025-12-31 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/47bab199-6b54-4080-bd83-be0f3f01bc0a/Aripplebugglidingonwaterspreadsoneofitswinglikefanpropulsorstoexecutearapidturn-ezgif.com-video-to-gif-converter.gif Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/c053f526-8739-466a-ad7b-a16e203d3c33/RhagoveliaRowing_CreditsVictorMOrtegaJimenez.gif Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs - Faster than a blink Rhagovelia’s middle-leg fan deploys at high speed, 10 times faster than the blink of an eye, snapping open in just 10 milliseconds the moment it touches water. No muscles are involved. Instead, this motion is powered by elastocapillary morphing, a passive mechanism where surface tension and directional stiffness work together to automatically unfold the fan for thrust. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/599a1154-aa48-47c6-90d6-ac5a2b628fe6/Supplementary+Video+1_Rhagovelia%E2%80%99s+fan+and+rowing+performance-6.gif Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs - Directional Stiffness Drives Snap-Open Motion The fan isn’t just a “floppy brush”, it’s engineered with directional stiffness. That means it bends easily in one direction (to fold up during the recovery stroke), but resists bending in the other (so it can push hard during propulsion). This balance is possible because of its flat-ribbon barbs, which have different stiffness around the y-axis (for collapse) and z-axis (for resisting drag). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/0f871704-8116-4f0b-abd8-aede9161be95/Supplementary+Video+1_Rhagovelia%E2%80%99s+fan+and+rowing+performance-5-2.gif Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs - Collapsible Yet Strong The rhagovelia’s fan is a flat, ribbon-like barbs and barbules that are stiffer along one axis than the other. This varying stiffness allows the fan to collapse easily in one direction (reducing drag recovery), but resist deformation during power strokes (maximizing propulsion). This dual property enables the fan to be both collapsible and load-bearing, which is the key to effective and efficient rowing. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/bae535fe-8ac2-489c-a38e-b7da89badd32/Supplementary+Video+1_Rhagovelia%E2%80%99s+fan+and+rowing+performance-9.gif Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs - Agile on the water’s surface When the fan is open, the surface area of the leg is dramatically increased, allowing it to generate large drag forces during power strokes. This is how they can produce thrust and perform high-speed maneuvers, enabling body rotations of 90° in just 50 milliseconds (0.05 seconds) at 4,200° per second, one of the fastest aquatic turning rates ever recorded. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/81746e77-ceb1-4ebc-94b2-44e2ca93e3a1/Supplementary+Video+1_Rhagovelia%E2%80%99s+fan+and+rowing+performance-10.gif Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs - Dual Control System While the fan mostly opens passively when touching water, the bug also has a backup: it can use its claw muscles to manually fold or unfold the fan if needed. This combination of passive elastocapillary morphing and active muscle input gives Rhagovelia precise control, even when underwater or mid-maneuver. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/722cdaf5-4640-4aea-a1fa-c4804b2a8526/Capillarywaves_CreditsVictorMOrtegaJimenez.gif Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs - Harnessing Vortices High speed images revealed that the fan generates dipolar vortices with every stroke. These create extra momentum and help the bug spin fast and stop sharply. By analyzing the flow around the ripple bigs with and without fans, we found that with fans nearly double the speed of water being pushed during each stroke. More flow results in more thrust. So it’s not just about leg speed, but about how well they move the water below them. The fans produce capillary waves, which ripple across the surface in patterns. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/ccc044ba-60a1-442f-ad41-8054f5669543/trail_output_bright_10fps.gif Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs - Sharp Turns, More Meals Modeling shows that Rhagovelia’s zigzagging isn’t just random, but uses a run-and-tumble motion which significantly boosts encounter rates, especially when food drifts rapidly in flowing water. As drift speeds increase, sharper reorientations (130–150°) outperform straight-line movement, helping the bugs intercept food more effectively. Heatmaps from our simulations confirm that the right balance of zigzagging maximizes capture success. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/af65857c-f4cd-4050-ab15-4516d90a5782/54D8A89E.gif Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs - Run, Tumble, Catch Not all turning styles are equally effective for Rhagovelia. Our simulations showed that extreme turns around 180° actually reduced food capture, sometimes performing worse than going straight. This highlights the importance of balance—too little turning misses chances, while too much wastes effort. Rhagovelia’s run-and-tumble is a finely tuned strategy shaped by evolution, and our observations confirm that the ripple bug consistently performs ~30 mm runs with steady tumble angles across low-to-high flow speeds. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1755745587810-QDFO0QEY9JUHQL7LAXQT/rhagobot_2.png Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1755777548333-IH1402HSC0UB8QGJ6ZVR/rhagobot_op_1.gif Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/36f8c857-edbb-4ca9-96a6-efb99f64792c/Fixed_robot_stroke.gif Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs - Snapping Open with Surface Tension The Rhagobot’s 1 mg elastocapillary fan, laser-cut from polyimide, passively opens and closes using surface tension—no motors needed. Like Rhagovelia’s fan, it spreads on contact with water and folds in under 120 ms when lifted. Its directional stiffness (flexible for folding, stiff against drag) mirrors the insect’s flat-ribbon design, boosting speed by 41% and acceleration by 60%. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/16dbef00-2562-4b3e-88db-a54946db6ea7/robot_fan.gif Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs - Engineered for Agility Outfitting the robot with a self-morphing fan gave it a serious performance upgrade. Forward acceleration jumped by 60%, top speed climbed 41%, reaching 1.96 body lengths per second, and it could spin in place at 206° per second. The fan also pushed more momentum into the water, boosting drag-based propulsion for sharper, more agile movement. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/29be32a7-d095-4928-8ddd-dcd524c56f78/Screenshot+2025-08-21+at+5.55.25%E2%80%AFAM.png Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs - Outpacing Other Small Robots Most small semi-aquatic robots rely on rigid pads, thin legs, or passive flaps—each with trade-offs in thrust and efficiency. The Rhagobot’s collapsible elastocapillary fans avoid these limits: they open wide to push water and snap shut to cut drag on recovery. The result: 60% faster acceleration and sharper turns than other small-scale designs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/d751fd3a-ea9c-4c39-a05f-7bc627a3513c/Picture1.jpg Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs - Manufacturing Lightweight Self-Morphing Fans Ultralight collapsible fans were made by stacking 21 laser-cut polyimide layers with a PET adhesive, heat-pressing, and UV machining. Each fan weighs ~1 mg yet unfolds in ~120 ms and folds cleanly when lifted. This layered design offers a scalable blueprint for self-morphing components in future microrobots. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/6999040d-1ab6-4d7d-863c-0f6c8bc9688f/rhagobot_op_2.gif Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs - Interfacial intelligence The Rhagobot’s ribbon fans work with the water, not against it. They spread wide to grab more water on each push and fold away on return, like a paddle that reshapes mid-stroke. This design boosts flow speed by 33% and swirling motion by 24%, creating vortices and wave patterns that power sharp, efficient maneuvers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1755096491753-S6YBBRYXPFWRCY3J6GB1/Ripple+Bugs+1+%28Web%29.jpg Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/39b8095e-c465-43f3-9ad5-549747f6ed0f/Ripple+Bugs+2+%28Web%29.jpg Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1755193652991-RJXYNDXLXQ5CEZCW4YFT/1Q0A9879.jpg Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1755193655880-9D99HITYFUNPT5H2UYPV/1Q0A9882.jpg Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1755193671281-MYRDSWR8OQ569UADORFB/IMG_8027.jpeg Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1755193674071-Q8LL4VRJT04D4MWM6A5Q/IMG_8036.jpeg Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1755193676871-DS7MI3DCWAFCRNWY8XXM/IMG_8978.jpeg Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1755193679975-0RAYY5M3QOH501Q34OB7/IMG_8992.jpeg Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1755745343804-MQ1PBXD0SXO8B60A2681/Experiment-2.gif Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1755745348761-EP5KK0MQT478ACY8E319/img_2304-1.jpg Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1755745348555-IT6F6KBOK8EERIGC2QUO/img_2305-1.jpg Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1755745352565-3BXJTQXY6HXYVPIRFWA1/img_7304.jpg Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1755745353037-4MFF0DWS3YMW9LT9HJDQ/img_7315.jpg Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1755745354558-JRK639MPJIMGDGKW6FV9/img_7320.jpg Projects blog - Rapid Ripple Bugs https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/moving-mountains-terracettes monthly 0.5 2025-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1746643131938-HR2XLGZBFAL0CV05SWNF/IMG_1946.jpg Projects blog - Grazers Move Mountains https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1746643154582-VYBBSXQD3MEB8PP4ADGM/image.png Projects blog - Grazers Move Mountains https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/e1a510b8-d9b8-418b-a562-449df915d823/soil+creep.png Projects blog - Grazers Move Mountains - Make it stand out This source attributes teracette formation to soil creep. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1748542118909-WLYTQCZ7MDT851OYK7VQ/goatben.png Projects blog - Grazers Move Mountains https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1748542130169-QCMASCY9D8W2IMENX9WH/teracettes.png Projects blog - Grazers Move Mountains https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/6b03b285-f62a-44bd-a131-e11a9e5ee811/optimalforaging_B.png Projects blog - Grazers Move Mountains - We encode an optimal foraging theory for the agent’s decision-making When selecting a movement direction, agents attempt to maximize resource intake – to offset maintenance costs and maximize fitness. It also attempts to minimize elevation change – moving uphill is costly, and moving downhill is uncomfortable. These factors influence their random walk dynamics. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/cc3c80fe-3020-4199-8d7f-d9b87aa743b9/image+%289%29.png Projects blog - Grazers Move Mountains - Terracette formation is governed by energetic sensitivity and cost of travel To test the model results, we needed to quantify how “terracette-ed” a hillside really is. Like the ridges on a finger, the distinct ridges along the slope and their straightness can be quantified using fingerprint analysis. Analysis revealed that the agents created deeper and straighter terracettes as the hill slope (and the agents’ sensitivity to it) increased. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/d84cf5c3-6020-4f1d-afae-c7dfbbe6ee99/teracettesim.gif Projects blog - Grazers Move Mountains - Teracette formation reinforces the straight-line path When locomotion incurs a slope-dependent energetic cost, the model shows that terracette-like bands emerge solely from repeated trampling and reciprocal feedback with the substrate, without explicit communication among agents or auxiliary geomorphic processes. This trade-off between locomotion cost and forage intake echoes field observations: cattle and goats favor cross-slope routes and terracette treads to minimize vertical work, and larger animals – paying higher energetic penalties – follow straighter terraces than smaller ungulates. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/3ddc9be4-9815-4db9-a778-3af17c728b9b/patternsirl.png Projects blog - Grazers Move Mountains - Patterns are formed by organisms throughout nature Our model makes a clear, testable prediction: large-scale terracette geometry emerges from local movement rules that trade energy against forage on sloped terrain. More broadly, it underscores how decentralized agents interacting with a dynamic energy landscape self-organize into persistent, long-range-ordered networks, a motif that recurs in active matter systems, vascular and branching architectures, and the formation of ant and pedestrian trails. https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/flamingofeedingflows monthly 0.5 2025-07-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/dbe4723f-fd5d-4cb3-84c7-ef83d403a47f/particlesmovetowardbeak.gif Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows - Make it stand out Flamingos chattering underwater to induce flow towards the beak. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1743786035748-P5HVIVCYFQ4LV4759421/flamingosstircut1.gif Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1743786034198-85112P9N5QL24ZXV5J07/flamingosstircut2.gif Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1747236735547-KZLCD8CNKQTECS0ZT53Y/feeding+gif.gif Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1747236736942-7ZOFDZPMTNF0YQ1BHWKK/sparklefeeding.gif Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1743786955154-F9N07YFQY6T1EFBFW9NK/livetornado.gif Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1743786956296-GUMTEF19UB6BJA38D5PA/organismsentrapped.gif Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/5bcdd04a-4746-45e1-b2c4-be06ccaaad3b/livebrineshrimp.gif Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/3f2d7be1-3e6f-4cfa-ae72-6e1124d16210/printedtornado.gif Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows - Beak Shape and Bobbing Create Upwelling While feeding upside down, flamingos frequently retract their heads from the bottom, facilitated by their elongated and S-curved flexible necks. This quick retraction (~40 cm/s), occurring in ~400 ms, produces strong tornado-like vortices, stirring particulate sediments at the bottom and upwelling them towards the surface. During this upside-down feeding, the anatomical upper bill lies beneath and, due to the bent shape, presents a flat surface primed for vortical interaction. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/8b24328a-f22b-4b13-939b-e76ed70294a8/mechanicalfootpiv.gif Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows - Marching Stomp Method To Make Vortices with Morphing Feet While feeding, flamingos keep their heads upside down in front of their marching feet. Using a bio-engineered morphing foot that passively opens and closes, we discovered that the stomping produces strong horizontal vortices with each cycle, reinvigorating the previous one and effectively trapping small fast-swimming pond organisms like copepods and boatman bugs. The asymmetry in toe and web morphology pushes the vortices to where the beak filter feeds. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/545ae396-8776-4782-b848-47ce745da1ce/modelshedding.gif Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows - Flamingos Point Against the Flow to Trap Prey Flamingos' “backward” interfacial feeding (beak points downstream) contrasts with typical filtering vertebrates like whales or fish (mouth opens upstream). Using a 3D-printed L-shaped beak in a flume, we found they generate a von Kármán vortex street with a strong recirculation zone. The L-shaped beak is essential for skim-feeding at the interface, allowing them to capture food particles within the recirculation zone. Live brine shrimp, both adults and eggs, are collected into the beak and unable to escape the strong recirculation zone induced downstream. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/83b022aa-a4e8-4452-a35a-644bedd5acd5/cfd+beak.gif Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows - Simulations Demonstrate How Flamingo Morphology Affects Flow We used numerical simulations to see how foot and beak morphology to create and leverage vortices for feeding. First, simulations show that the foot generates a pair of toroidal vortices, creating a strong vorticity region near where the beak feeds. Second, simulations also show the bent shape of the flamingo’s mandibles positions the beak tip within the recirculating zone. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/8c9861a9-cdb6-42df-9af1-48a222035263/pumpchattering.gif Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows - Flamingo Beak Chattering Produces Directional Flow Using particle image velocimetry on living flamingos feeding while clapping their mandibles underwater at 12 Hz, we found that flamingos produce a directional flow, unexpected in typical in-and out-flow pumping. We demonstrated, using a mechanical chattering beak from a flamingo cadaver, that asymmetric beak oscillations are enough to produce this directional flow. We engineered a flamingo-inspired filtration system and found that the beak chattering can increase particle filtration up to 9x. This finding can be applied to remove microplastics or harmful microorganisms from water bodies and address membrane fouling/clogging issues in real-world applications. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1747236232084-4LTX247DLSP38STQW0AY/IMG_6565.jpeg Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1747236255047-KODWX7KRUYH1GFH00V45/IMG_0944.jpeg Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1747236270988-0GF5TGDIBSO83378TWT0/IMG_0917.jpeg Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1747236225555-GZ7FV63KID48APEYZNBP/IMG_2776.jpeg Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1747236277448-7Z251TEBRL4F31ETOYM5/123_1.jpeg Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1747236264516-VIES9M61GJ1X4YSRT3YM/IMG_0918.jpeg Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1747236260583-ZRFBCWOCS0A5RR7E8GZW/IMG_0926.jpeg Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1747236243789-8DM4WXSJC7WL850A6H40/IMG_1020.jpeg Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1747236243315-127NQ4BGSIBTDCL7LLIR/IMG_0967.jpeg Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1747236232594-ACAVHZPYLDUTVUXYZU80/IMG_2763.jpeg Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1747236417592-ZUXMMVLTWOP7UI2XMSVJ/IMG_0910.jpeg Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1747239549934-AB0W2LGGF9GBHBCUWDHH/IMG_2754.jpeg Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1744139058547-5OAMRM1QW5OX70EB9VMZ/flamingos_comic01.png Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1744139061718-UY5Z8U25V76T5CFAHCCQ/flamingos_comic02.png Projects blog - Flamingo Feeding Flows https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/manujumping monthly 0.5 2025-07-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/49e33da5-5a3c-4698-a1a5-1c8ee217673d/manuchamp.gif Projects blog - Mastering the Manu - Make it stand out Manu World Championships in Tāmaki Makaurau: “Mama” Berking winning the world champs with her Manu Jump. Source: Youtube. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/afa1ede6-4a97-4f6d-abfe-24abcba9f1cd/Steps+of+entry.png Projects blog - Mastering the Manu - Make it stand out Initial body postures for water entry to perform a Manu Jump. Images from Youtube. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/076fc1ee-fe31-4f5f-b360-5a700108a5fb/Manu+steps.png Projects blog - Mastering the Manu - Make it stand out Step by step of how to perform a Manu jump. Images from Youtube. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/db54d834-2cad-440c-b7f6-86e0390c53ad/diving+vs+bombing.gif Projects blog - Mastering the Manu - Make it stand out Olympic diving, which minimizes the splash, vs. Manu jumping with a large splash. Olympic Diving source: Youtube. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/595ee541-94b7-4226-b294-fb80f9a2c276/steps+of+entry+diagram.png Projects blog - Mastering the Manu - Humans Dive In and Roll Back From observing human data, we find that a Manu jump is comprised of four distinct stages: water entry in a V-formation, a rollback and kick motion underwater to enlarge the air cavity, the closure and collapse of the air cavity, and the formation of a Worthington splash. This requires aerial maneuvers, such as the transition from a straight to a V-shape, and also an underwater rollback and kick motion. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/61e76419-c796-4747-8645-7e795b0c9715/solid+bodies.png Projects blog - Mastering the Manu - V-Shape at 45° Angle Creates Deep Cavity and Large Splash We recorded multiple solid shapes with V angles at 0°, 45°. 90°, 120°, and 180° to find the optimal angle upon water entry that generates the deepest cavity and the highest worthington jet. Not only does the 45° shape create the deepest cavity and highest jet, but 45° also matches the median human body angles recorded for Manu Jumps. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/adddce97-4cb6-4939-bc8e-56880efcc886/manubottextless-ezgif.com-optimize+%281%29.gif Projects blog - Mastering the Manu - Timely Underwater Body Maneuver Expands the Cavity We built the Manu-bot to simulate the transition from a V-shape to the rollback and kick underwater. We found that the timing is crucial for generating a large splash: the underwater maneuver must happen after the body enters the water and before the cavity pinches off. This results in an expanded cavity, which collapses and generates a large splash. From left to right: early, optimal, and late openings. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/4c7a5370-559e-453a-96b9-f09d83e81e64/redbulldiving+crop.gif Projects blog - Mastering the Manu - Large, but Safe Splash: Jumping Parameters for Recreational Water Sports Humans around the world jump in water— many jump at heights exceeding the recommended 10m limit. In cliff diving, humans attempt increasingly daring stunts. Entering in a V-shape at large heights could be dangerous for divers’ spine. Our study has implications for how future safety recommendations concerning recreational water sports can incorporate different forms of diving. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/02560f3d-403c-479b-94d2-3f19a988c78e/Manu_Page_1.png Projects blog - Mastering the Manu - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/00d38150-677a-4b13-bd5c-d232ba26bcb8/Manu_Page_2.png Projects blog - Mastering the Manu - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/waxybackflip monthly 0.5 2024-12-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/27fdc842-21b2-4457-84f3-c80c840d7573/finalwax.gif Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip - Make it stand out Ricania sp. nymph jumping with intact wax structures https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/bc8789cd-1cc1-45f3-9db0-f47d1d5aef7f/ezgif.com-video-to-gif-converter.gif Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip - Make it stand out Real time recording of Ricania sp. nymph hopping. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/3e8f2877-8f5d-4291-a127-3f5e71445ca7/Screenshot+2024-08-06+at+11.04.56%E2%80%AFAM.png Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip - Make it stand out Planthopper nymphs from Asia, the U.S., South America, and Australia. Images A–F, H are unmodified and used under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY or CC BY-NC) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/15e4fcdf-a376-4a4e-9f18-6edd3ba4c5fe/Screenshot+2024-11-18+111437.png Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip - Wax Tails Enable Rotational Stability and Reduce Velocity We recorded jumps using high-speed cameras with wax on and wax off. Wax-intact nymphs experienced significantly reduced body rotations during jumps compared to those with wax removed. Wax structures contribute to a greater reduction in velocity from takeoff to landing, helping nymphs achieve more controlled descents. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/0cff8e00-bd2f-4e96-91fb-836a08bc442a/unsuccessful+landings.gif Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip - Planthopper Wax ‘Tails’ Help in Successful Landing Nymphs with intact wax tails successfully land on their feet 98.5% of the time, whereas those without wax achieve only a 35.5% success rate – less than a 50-50 change. This is likely due to the reduced rotation rate, velocity at impact, and body orientation at impact. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/7fd8aea0-4df3-4488-a69e-a5c000c5b2a9/planthopperJaime.jpg Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip - Wax Structures May Contribute to Transitional Forms in Evolving Flight Aerial righting strategies and jumping in wingless animals are considered precursors to powered flapping flight. How did organisms make the jump to winged insects when there are no clear transitional forms in the fossil records? We theorize that wax structures, which utilize strategies for jumps initiating aerial righting, may play a role in the evolutionary development of powered flight. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731946659914-VV608ZXV3ATT8IHEKIZU/IMG_7502.jpg Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731946662104-4DMLCUVK3CKZL1OQJ37R/IMG_6497.JPG Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731946663651-AZR17Y64958IRZ71G29F/IMG_6518.JPG Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731946664467-CGKGQA20DNRFO5B6ZLBO/IMG_6646.JPG Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731946667216-YRGYTW9NIGC00CR7A8JJ/IMG_7030.JPG Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731946667441-457MOD8XG1JEWT6D67GS/IMG_7077.JPG Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731946668439-CXCEH7TRCKKI1J5V9TUD/IMG_6561.jpg Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731946668696-CT4NP1MUU8DFQL91JHRW/IMG_7157.jpg Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731946669403-FC8FR5479ERV0X240Y8H/3ca8833c-0ab8-48df-bf5d-da2bc6354863.jpg Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731946669449-MTV90QAKNIKBOH30AHS4/bdf3a2b3-88c5-48c6-b0d8-967c7ce7c5b5.jpg Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731946670258-GZF2PLZCNGE43NOT6HWQ/IMG_7438.jpg Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731946670451-D0AL69GY9I8FQAN0GWX8/IMG_7439.jpg Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731946671149-KJZR8UBI27TBDMHIX5CJ/IMG_7502+%281%29.jpg Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731946671289-ENNHDNK7EZC89065KIT3/IMG_8019.JPG Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731946671870-Q1GSAAM0FTVNLT7YARAF/IMG_7613.JPG Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731950608164-MI1WRWAWUCTZS59O9V1I/IMG_7376.jpg Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731950607459-WKC8S4DIP99S9C8ZZA5C/IMG_8876.JPG Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731950608439-MB2DD8N2V6QRNCZH77M6/c2ae1167-a9fb-47a0-adba-889c1ff0b885.JPG Projects blog - "Waxy" backflip https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/jumping-nematodes monthly 0.5 2026-01-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/612bdb65-6cfa-4fe0-8f5b-6c2f896b79fd/Jumpingnematode1-ezgif.com-speed.gif Projects blog - Leaping Legless Worms - Make it stand out Nematode jumping under a high-speed camera. Video credit: Victor Ortega-Jimenez https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/d2f8da02-9ea8-408c-afe7-3343257fce4f/image+%287%29.png Projects blog - Leaping Legless Worms - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/830f871c-a3cf-4695-9f6c-92b5544de808/Figure+1d.png Projects blog - Leaping Legless Worms - Make it stand out Soft robotic model with visible “kink”. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/453a95c0-9e98-46ed-a0fd-97c85df6bfa1/loop+.gif Projects blog - Leaping Legless Worms - Nematodes Jump by Using Their Body as a Spring We found that these nematodes bend their bodies like springs to store energy for their jumps. Here is how they do it: they stand up vertically, then bend their bodies, forming a loop. They hold this loop with a liquid latch and tighten its body to its limit, signaled by a kink forming on its body. The stored force from the body wanting to unbend overcomes the latch, and the energy is released in a jump. Our experiments also show that our jumping nematode, S. carpocapsae, has a stiffer cuticle compared to a similar-sized nematode C. elegans, which does not jump. This increased stiffness contributes to spring energy storage in jumping nematodes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/e3a68d4f-05b6-4ad3-981d-58a6c0f20d3c/dir-ezgif.com-crop+%281%29.gif Projects blog - Leaping Legless Worms - Nematodes Control Their Jump Direction By controlling its launch orientation, the nematode can jump bidirectionally. Using high-speed videography, we found that the worm changes its head and body orientation to direct its jumps. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/89ae16c6-bff7-45a3-8773-036e667dd9ec/softjmandsimjm.gif Projects blog - Leaping Legless Worms - We Model Jump Direction Based On Initial Postures We recreated bidirectional jumping in our Silicone elastomer-based robot (Soft Jumping Model, named SoftJM). This shows how small changes in posture can result in careful tuning of jump direction. Using numerical modeling, we simulated a phase-space of jumping postures, exploring a multitude of initial jump postures and relating a range of initial postures to the take-off direction. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/baa1cd08-44e9-4fcd-bf96-d1a8777f6640/forceme-ezgif.com-optimize.gif Projects blog - Leaping Legless Worms - Reversible Kink Allows Force-Limited Systems to Store More Elastic Energy Like a balloon filled with water, the nematode is a hydroskeleton with a tough cuticle. Using scaled up experiments on water balloons, we demonstrate that on a bent object, a kink deformation causes the forces to rise at a slower rate as bending increases. For nematodes, a kink in the worm's body allows it to stay within its limits of maximum muscle forces and keep bending and storing more energy until its latch debonds. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/8e3fe6ea-c8a8-4f33-94af-ee65c408091f/Jump+on+sand+%281%29.gif Projects blog - Leaping Legless Worms - Bio-Inspired Soft Robotics Design The use of simple flexible rods as adaptive limbs open possibilities for soft robotics using more sophisticated geometrical and topological instabilities, laying the foundation for building new adaptive jumping structures. By mimicking the nematode's ability to form, kink, and release a tight loop, soft robots can achieve controlled and powerful jumps, even on complex granular substrates like sand. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/35e74ec9-7294-4a02-bd50-2a84c2027166/pnas.2503555122.sm02-2.gif Projects blog - Leaping Legless Worms - Static Electricity Helps Worms Stick the Landing Insects naturally build up electric charge as they fly. When a nematode jumps close, that charge can pull the worm through the air, helping it land on the host (a fruit fly) even if its aim isn’t perfect. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/94d4a9a4-45cc-4af8-9f5e-18ff1b9d5e7c/Adobe+Express+-+pnas.2503555122.sm01.gif Projects blog - Leaping Legless Worms - Worms Charge Themselves Before Takeoff While standing on moist ground, the nematode’s body becomes negatively charged, almost like prepping a tiny magnet. Once airborne, that charge makes the worm attracted to positively charged insects. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/2f922293-6bf2-4d1d-9dda-1ad59a8d1cdd/Adobe+Express+-+pnas.2503555122.sm04.gif Projects blog - Leaping Legless Worms - Wind Becomes a Worm’s Flight Assist A gentle wind can lift and drift nematodes higher, putting them into faster airflow, the same currents that help pollen and plant seeds travel long distances. If there’s also a charged insect flying nearby, the worm can ride the wind until electrostatics take over and pull it in for a landing. The result? Even a parasite smaller than a grain of sand can reach hosts far away, no wings required. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/431cad70-6ac1-4eae-a9a7-bfc2e386a5b1/Super%2Bspringy%2Bworms%2Bpage%2B1_ENG_digital.png Projects blog - Leaping Legless Worms - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/ff7e5ff2-75c2-4355-a3e3-1a9c1d27ab26/Super%2Bspringy%2Bworms%2Bpage%2B2_ENG_digital.png Projects blog - Leaping Legless Worms - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/microvelia monthly 0.5 2025-05-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/8bb0b016-016f-4ca7-8f1c-1ec873b86a20/flowtrace+gif+wide.gif Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders - Make it stand out Microvelia traversing across water, creating vortices in its wake. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/869fe407-c93a-4ff5-a188-9845e48399a0/duckweed+gif.gif Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders - Make it stand out Microvelia walking on solid surfaces. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/ef811613-cb4d-4f4d-bdba-ff848aee74ca/sideview+gif+trimmed.gif Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders - Make it stand out A high-speed (2000 FPS) recording of a Microvelia on water, slowed down 66x. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/0d324761-4892-4d11-a983-4d1e02686ef9/trajectory+trace.jpg Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders - Make it stand out Trajectory trace of Microvelia as it skates across water. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/07f9f05a-bedb-4e0a-a44e-54555db15a20/G_M_both.jpg Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders - Tiny Alternating Tripod Gait Alternating tripod gaits are well studied in multiple terrestrial six-legged insects, such as ants and cockroaches, but are not common amongst water walkers. Other water walking insects, which are multiple times the size of a Microvelia (such as Gerridae, pictured left), use a six-legged rowing gait. Even larger lizards and birds quickly sprint across the water with two legs. Yet, the tiny Microvelia remixes an old classic alternating tripod gait for venturing onto water. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/c72c0edb-9381-4d9f-ba75-9944bf9a05da/Amphi.gif Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders - Amphibious Locomotion of Microvelia Water isn’t the only surface these critters can conquer— only a few epineuston species can leave the water, and Microvelia is one of them. On water, the middle legs act as propulsors whereas the hind legs are rudders. On terrestrial surfaces, they adjust their tripod gait and biomechanics for effective locomotion. These organisms can use the same gait to traverse on a variety of surfaces, including water covered with duckweed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/79c7d461-d8a9-4328-8f88-9b100cadb511/johnny_3.gif Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders - Adaptability and Specialized Leg Dynamics Overcomes Limb Loss Predators lurk beneath the water, from the air, and on the surface and shore, along with competition from its fellow water striders. Microvelia must be able to adapt in the face of injury in order to survive. We discover how a Microvelia compensates its locomotion when parts of its leg are removed, revealing the underlying roles of each leg in propulsion on water. Using its middle legs as propulsors, hind legs as rudders, and front legs for stability, the Microvelia are still able to locomote through injury unless both of its hind legs are injured. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/bacd6bea-7559-4f7f-b5c9-a8dcf70d1f68/vortex+capture+gif.gif Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders - Epineuston Vortex Capture in Water Skaters Using high-speed imaging and PIV, we discovered that tiny Microvelia exhibit Epineuston Vortex Capture (EVC) to enhance their thrust on water. In this process, their middle legs sheds vortices which are captured by their hind legs. Using physical model and CFD simulations, we show the role of vortical interactions on their motion. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/acb943a8-7bc6-4852-b679-da1cd035fe9b/physmodel.gif Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders - Modeling Vortex Capture We used physical models and CFD simulations to demonstrate that vortex capture leads to higher coefficient of thrust when compared to the case of no interaction. On the left, the physical model shows the “re-energization” case, modeling how the vortex left by the middle tarsi can be re-energized by the approach of the hind tarsi. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/80d6e8cb-fe06-4a6f-93c5-7bec09972d7f/mergesim.gif Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders - Simulations Show Vortex Capture Enhances Thrust We model the middle and hind tarsi of the Microvelia legs. Single and multiphase numerical simulations showed thrust enhancement when the vortex from the middle tarsi was recaptured by the hind tarsi. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/9007f49c-00c9-467f-8302-015082397370/vortex+recapture+at+the+interface.png Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders - A New Frontier: Vortex Recapture Utilized at the Interface Wake capture has been observed in the aerial flights of fruit flies and butterflies, as well as in the underwater swimming of jellyfish. Here, we present one of the first reports on vortex capture at the air-water interface (epineuston), as Microvelia utilize vortices to enhance their thrust on the surface of water. Our study extends wake capture principles from bulk fluids to the neuston, offering insights into biological fluid mechanics and providing a foundational understanding that can inspire micro-amphibious robots in the future. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1721238153076-G0YH1IQ4RTYPQSI2FETH/jehdsf.jpg Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders - Make it stand out Microvelia Flowtrace https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1720189450332-L7SSH238LZW2RIKBVRKJ/F0C456A3-F2B6-4172-BD46-6F451FAFB9A7_1_105_c.jpeg Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1719495513867-AZ9BTUDQD5N2RJ5155OQ/image+%284%29.png Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1719496120313-DJ73AD27LZU4UR5L087R/image%2B%25282%2529.jpg Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1719495924182-821T6L8NESUERIF8FU79/5D9BBD90-2F5F-4326-92FC-3DB9E50743D1_1_105_c.jpeg Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1719495947200-9T42Z2295CR0KPB55RKP/FB5B7BCB-5BF3-418A-902D-91F6721FB2A5_1_105_c.jpeg Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1719495975667-MJX24EQ0OB24P44TINEL/IMG_9319.jpg Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1720020888502-2JHWLEI8ABNIV6M69MRF/IMG_3397.jpg Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1720020888501-J9V51MZ73GDTIJKGEM5Q/IMG_3393.jpg Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1720189424396-IP3KFAF8R8RJ5D9SFQFT/IMG_8970.jpeg Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1720189450429-MNQBKRDDCQ39M3S4EV7G/4A44896D-1A0D-4D16-B7ED-334278354A7D_1_105_c.jpeg Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1720189451280-9OEUJJKS3SZIH73K5IOO/C139BEE1-33BB-42CB-86A5-84787F67248E_1_105_c.jpeg Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1720189451504-3G8WGL4Y3OLHB10C1YZL/41294FE4-BE43-4A9B-8B3E-05FBFCB3F44D_1_105_c.jpeg Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1732205149916-41ZGFOINJK0O76MN1WMI/PAGE+1+CMYK+%281%29%281%29.jpg Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1732205154978-YSUH631E5JKIBT6D8SWR/PAGE+2+CMYK+%281%29-min.jpg Projects blog - Tiny Amphibious Water Striders https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/outreach monthly 0.5 2026-02-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1711741942478-UYZDA11LAY8L5K74H0ER/IMG_3610.jpg Projects blog - Outreach https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1711741942745-89UNQA4REEMR84LZOH44/IMG_2702.jpeg Projects blog - Outreach https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1711741943952-G5OQLVDNI4GJBGD7BJHW/IMG_2714.jpeg Projects blog - Outreach https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1711742075748-J3OCAIXEIB9ETP942PM5/IMG_3637.jpg Projects blog - Outreach https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1711742075998-DWYUG78R1RXI0Q9YMVT0/IMG_2721.jpeg Projects blog - Outreach https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1711742156727-U0SVF4Y04878UPY8UGKV/IMG_2728.jpeg Projects blog - Outreach https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/unraveling-the-secrets-of-tangles monthly 0.5 2026-02-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/b0280974-cae9-465a-acdc-617f7e431995/editorial_image.png Projects blog - Unraveling the Secrets of Tangles - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/trackoscope monthly 0.5 2024-08-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/e4d7d4b3-3c01-4922-aa53-6f9f51f54afd/TransparentFlip.png Projects blog - Trackoscope - Make it stand out Trackoscope, a 2-axis autonomous tracking microscope designed to follow swimming organisms ranging from 10µm to 2mm across a 325cm2 area (equivalent to an A5 sheet) for extended durations—ranging from hours to days—at high resolution. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/7209d92c-4207-4639-acba-94e481359057/2024-02-16+14_50_52-Trackoscope___PLOS.pdf+and+2+more+pages+-+Work+-+Microsoft%E2%80%8B+Edge.png Projects blog - Trackoscope - Autonomous Tracking for $400 Each part of Trackoscope was made to optimize cost, quality, and to provide an easy-to-use alternative to other tracking solutions. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/061c4ee5-9d0f-4ef2-927c-3a829f8f5faf/2024-02-16+14_44_17-Trackoscope___PLOS.pdf+and+2+more+pages+-+Work+-+Microsoft%E2%80%8B+Edge.png Projects blog - Trackoscope - Diverse Capabilities for a Diverse Microbial World Trackoscope consistently followed slow and fast moving organisms (0.1 µm/s to 2 mm/s). Utilizing Trackoscope, we captured a diverse array of behaviors, from the air-water swimming locomotion of Amoeba to bacterial hunting dynamics in Actinosphaerium, walking gait in Tardigrada, and binary fission in motile Blepharisma. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/f998f7a1-26b5-46dc-b059-2543c19971e8/2024-02-16+15_05_33-Trackoscope___PLOS.pdf+and+2+more+pages+-+Work+-+Microsoft%E2%80%8B+Edge.png Projects blog - Trackoscope - High Resolution and Speed Trackoscope resolution can capture detailed organism features such as cilia clusters or internal structures. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/6434a877-3f4b-4b83-a1b2-b3192735bb9d/Screenshot+2024-03-20+at+3.01.57%E2%80%AFPM.png Projects blog - Trackoscope - Anyone Can Build Their Own Trackoscope Trackoscope is a DIY scope that comes with instructions. Find the instructions and the assembly video in our Supplemental Materials below. https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/fluid-ejections-in-nature monthly 0.5 2024-11-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/470225aa-4cf6-430e-9a14-06aecbee7658/Fluid+Ejections+in+Nature.png Projects blog - Fluid Ejections in Nature - Make it stand out A world of fluid excretion. Figure from our papers, linked below. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/9700ec68-2828-4c14-a880-2cda1ed07e38/bat+peeing+droplets.gif Projects blog - Fluid Ejections in Nature - Make it stand out Vampire bat peeing in droplets. National Geographic. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/82254c76-f946-446b-ae2c-b02e88beb710/cobra+spitting.gif Projects blog - Fluid Ejections in Nature - Make it stand out Cobra spitting venom. NHM Images. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/418671c4-82fe-4242-9e31-4f7eb6754a24/cicada+pee+gif.gif Projects blog - Fluid Ejections in Nature - In a Tiny World, Surface Tension Reigns Supreme. Cicadas have a solution. At small scales, for tiny insects and mammals, droplets adhere to surfaces due to surface tension, making getting rid of fluid an extra challenge. This often requires innovative strategies to overcome the obstacle of surface tension (e.g., droplet catapulting in sharpshooter insects, kicking in aphids, maternal licking in mice, or hydrophobic coating in gall aphids). But compared to other xylem-sap feeders, cicadas’ relatively large body and orifice size makes jetting energetically and mechanically feasible. With their jets, cicadas can quickly process large volumes of nutritionally poor food and places them a the smallest known animals to form high-speed jets in a surface tension-dominated regime (Bo < 1). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/0c2e88c8-047a-4f31-a7df-11da13ee3c5d/figure3+fluidsinnature.png Projects blog - Fluid Ejections in Nature - We Created a Unifying Framework of Fluid Ejection Across taxa and physical scales, organisms employ various fluidic waste release strategies, quantifiable on a We − Bo framework. Large mammals occupy the Bo > 1, We > 1 quadrant, where inertial forces dominate, driven by bladder pressure and gravitational forces. At extremely high values (Bo >> 1, We >> 1), fluids may exit as sheets, as in elephants and cows, where gravity drives inertial flows. Invertebrates like cicadas, bumblebees, and butterflies, characterized by Bo < 1, We > 1, demonstrate high-speed inertial jets for excretion, differing significantly from similarly sized mammals’ strategies (e.g., bats, mice). Cicadas have the smallest orifice diameter to form fluidic jets, despite being in a surface tension-dominant regime. In comparison, slightly larger bats and mice excrete in droplets on the same x-axis (Bo), further underscoring the unusual high-speed jet ejection in tiny cicadas. No organisms have been identified in the Bo > 1, We < 1 quadrant, a quadrant where the organisms would exclusively rely on gravitational forces for droplet-based excreta removal. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/2d18441a-6c3e-436e-9752-06df15aeca8a/archerfish+georgia+aquarium.gif Projects blog - Fluid Ejections in Nature - Beyond Urination- Complex Fluid Ejections in Nature Fluid transport encompasses a world beyond urination. It ranges from viscoelastic fluids like velvet worm slime jets, rapid propulsion like octopus jetting or microvelia’s marangoni propulsion, precise shooting of archerfish water jets, or even explosive fluid expulsion like human sneezes and dolphin blowholes. The transition to a more complex understanding of fluid ejections, beyond the Newtonian framework, holds significant relevance for real-world applications. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/9abdac92-7673-491d-90f0-c62fcca50314/figure9+fluidsinnature.png Projects blog - Fluid Ejections in Nature - Technology Inspired by Natural Fluidic Ejections Drawing inspiration from natural systems has already led to innovations such as aircraft and aerial robot wing designs, gecko-inspired adhesive materials, and superhydrophobic structures. Similarly, fluid ejection systems in living organisms presents a new frontier for bio-inspired design, such as underwater robot propulsion, drug delivery, or nozzles for printing. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731903624683-P0WZK0LRX4271QDLY1X4/CaptainCicada_pg1.jpg Projects blog - Fluid Ejections in Nature https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1731903656259-8BDHFIY69694XV0IS2MI/CaptainCicada_pg2.jpg Projects blog - Fluid Ejections in Nature https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/opencell monthly 0.5 2024-05-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/989130e3-7553-4e26-98a7-b32495e9b3f0/OpenCell+Retouched+project+%281%29.png Projects blog - OpenCell: 3-in-1 DNA extraction device - Make it stand out The OpenCell device is constructed entirely from 3D-printed and off-the-shelf components at a unit cost of less than $50. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/c4fb312e-3f81-4a98-9d77-872521663b60/FIG+1+v7.jpg Projects blog - OpenCell: 3-in-1 DNA extraction device - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/51a3429e-3dc2-4f60-a693-a384a6fa47e0/image+%281%29.png Projects blog - OpenCell: 3-in-1 DNA extraction device - OpenCell costs less than $50 dollar to manufacture Each component, from the filament options to the m3 fasteners, are made to ensure they can be printed by most consumer 3D printers, be easily assembled, and be accessible on a budget. It incorporates an array of safety features that also ensure it is user-friendly. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/d736567e-8c09-4b2b-9d9e-8a697ebf836e/fig+3v3.jpg Projects blog - OpenCell: 3-in-1 DNA extraction device - OpenCell streamlines the DNA extraction workflow The DNA extraction process divides into four steps: lysis, binding, washing, and elution, each utilizing different OpenCell attachments. With its tool-less mounting mechanism and modular design, OpenCell can quickly switch functionality for the given task https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/2ff98e7b-290b-425a-8b62-c032bb667e67/Comparison+Data+v4.jpg Projects blog - OpenCell: 3-in-1 DNA extraction device - OpenCell is comparable to commercial options The OpenCell system consistently generates DNA extracts with both satisfactory yield and A260/A280 values well within the usable range, aligning our device’s performance with commercial protocols and equipment. https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/ultrafast-contracting-cells-without-atp monthly 0.5 2024-05-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/4d6aad30-434b-43eb-aca9-ca689badb866/Bhamla+Lab+ultrafast+contracting+ciliates.jpeg Projects blog - Ultrafast Motion of protozoa - Make it stand out Ultrafast contracting ciliates. Credit: Bhamla Lab. Illustrated by Franz Anthony https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/309f81fd-8689-44ea-9deb-f23fb6aa05f6/Floyd+bhamla+PNAS+cover+2023.jpeg Projects blog - Ultrafast Motion of protozoa - Make it stand out A colony of bell-shaped, ciliated protists attached to organic debris that can contract rapidly. On the cover of PNAS (2023). Image credit: Karl Gaff. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/7424de24-d96b-4b2d-8cbb-628a2090948b/Haeckel_Ciliata.jpg Projects blog - Ultrafast Motion of protozoa - Make it stand out The 3rd plate from Ernst Haeckel's ''Art Forms in Nature'' (1904), depicting organisms classified as Ciliata. (Wikimedia) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/955d71c7-500b-4032-ab4e-b3e9599ca31d/Screenshot+2023-06-23+at+10.00.36+AM.png Projects blog - Ultrafast Motion of protozoa - A Unified Model for Ultrafast Contraction Our team has developed a minimal mathematical model that accurately describes the ultrafast contraction observed in two species of ciliated protists. This model, which is applicable across species, captures the effect of a traveling calcium wave on an elastic medium in a dissipative environment. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1686602185268-WN5RWCV124NQN7Y3E5IG/_Users_jacob_Downloads_577678_1_supp_10089444_rrmt2q.gif Projects blog - Ultrafast Motion of protozoa - Three Distinct Dynamic Regimes Our model reveals three distinct dynamic regimes, differentiated by the rate of chemical driving and the importance of inertia. Each regime exhibits unique scaling behaviors and kinematic signatures, providing a comprehensive understanding of the contraction dynamics. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/a7063867-02ae-4621-882e-bb2df02e065d/Screenshot+2023-06-23+at+10.03.55+AM.png Projects blog - Ultrafast Motion of protozoa - The Calcium Latch Mechanism Our study sheds light on the unique mechanism of contraction in these protists, which is driven by calcium ions, not ATP. This calcium latch mechanism initiates contraction and then ATP is used to reset the process, offering a new perspective on cellular contraction dynamics. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/85a0397d-0572-41a5-a913-2945ad619371/Vorticella+Bhamla+Lab+by+Franz+Anthony Projects blog - Ultrafast Motion of protozoa - Implications for Synthetic Biology: The insights gained from our study not only enhance our understanding of calcium-powered myoneme contraction in protists, but also pave the way for the rational design of ultrafast bioengineered systems. The principles uncovered could inform the development of active synthetic cells, opening new avenues in the field of synthetic biology. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1704812720986-BISHLH7JFWRFPLP2O67T/Protist+1%281%29.jpg Projects blog - Ultrafast Motion of protozoa https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1704743929422-F8IB8RPO8Y29TPOTTE39/Protist+2.jpg Projects blog - Ultrafast Motion of protozoa https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/jungle-biomechanics-lab monthly 0.5 2026-01-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/3ac9f8c6-9e70-4bf4-ad9b-da53399db219/DSC_5010_ed_sm.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/e2d5307b-b969-4b2e-aedb-db46373c26c9/output_jacob4+%281%29.gif Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1745612124244-FL1TP81WWJ40J1HJ2Y0X/DJI_0029.MOV.00_00_17_20.Still001.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1745612126954-30TAK8LC4USA70OXK929/C4993.MP4.08_29_14_02.Still001.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1745612129179-3MHSSR5WNIA0B21P9CHU/C4740.MP4.04_51_38_07.Still001.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1745612128886-DIEWQTDX8S3NEMD6JFG4/C4621.MP4.03_24_11_07.Still001.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1745612237675-41331IXKISIG8G8P54BV/CAM_C2127.MXF.Subclip001.02_35_31_19.Still001.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1745612130934-LSDJYH2SU6JA7Y2EB6N2/C4609.MP4.03_17_40_09.Still001.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1745612131080-9WVN22WYPUAG3V8PRHSL/C4543.MP4.01_18_17_01.Still001.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/b40b3261-6291-4e11-9451-22ebdb296c8a/JBL+poster+2025.png Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682954472831-ONFIAC4S5EANAQQG915H/IMG_8785.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1745612231480-P5T3JDJNNJGVVJDLJ5NJ/DJI_0012_1.mov.00_00_03_18.Still001.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682698705786-7JW88J9HK5QOPJT12BQ0/20210809_111217.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1745612236226-J9GO0ZQ0UWOAJP9L8OPE/C4562.MP4.01_28_33_03.Still001.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1745612367175-P8HVD3HEY59D9V3T0WV8/C4605.MP4.03_11_07_05.Still001.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682698710338-E5HS8NPOGKBBF3FW07H4/IMG_8642.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682954276851-KC033AFQHGTHCPKTPTFG/IMG_0476.jpeg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682698706857-SQV8EUJBCNGOZVUKLTXR/d9a6f227-04d2-4862-b841-2d04e4307f04.JPG Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682954284335-5GB7BU6Z0PH67388T2WY/DSC_4936_ed_sm.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682954289592-0NED83V6NQU1ZDZIUTQC/IMG_0509.jpeg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682698710901-XYVO852T5S7PVZ8MMQ2L/IMG_8752.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682698713560-9U9PRS9GKWNNXT3SD9B3/IMG_8928.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682955225802-T9USDBN2A3XJJ12UCPP2/e2a1f105-249f-4529-a82a-b7e703b30f47.jpeg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682698715651-HZPBIEOBPWGCF81ET8ZS/IMG_8931.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682698716152-KVQNTN706IY7XU5TQQFV/IMG_8991.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682698719652-L964A8FX9QFAO4YCG2JT/IMG_9010+2.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682698719487-OVJ8UMJSMD8TUXJCVUHD/IMG_9131.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1745612232659-RYYX21S2IZHAC7AJKG9K/C4641.MP4.03_30_53_05.Still001.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1745612231961-OM1LXYW9HCIUD4IEA1EI/C4743.MP4.04_52_37_20.Still001.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682698722038-PBK6DWXBAYXVRTW357D6/IMG_9160.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1745612384800-TNIA2D0PTMPLKE3HDEBO/C4889.MP4.06_14_09_04.Still001.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682698724042-T7W6WCS0O7CS5K4QNVVN/IMG_9232+2.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1745612230249-9NLUDZS3AF06R2JY8R2Z/C5084.MP4.10_01_35_19.Still001.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1745612234099-6FE0B5FY1EK82W2YW6VB/C4584.MP4.02_43_59_03.Still001.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1745612237124-5UQC0MLMS9D6JNLB5S8W/CAM_C2125.MXF.Subclip001.02_34_27_08.Still001.jpg Projects blog - Jungle Biomechanics Lab https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/worm-tangles-and-knots monthly 0.5 2026-01-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/e35b07d6-873b-492f-b921-42f82ff187c6/ezgif.com-optimize+%281%29.gif Projects blog - Living Worm Tangles - Make it stand out A blackworm blob untangling in milliseconds. Credit. Harry Tuazon, Bhamla Lab at Georgia Tech https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/063eec70-1c05-40f9-b8dd-198d7b63db33/Fig1a_Cover_HarryTuazon.jpg Projects blog - Living Worm Tangles - Make it stand out Blackworm tangle. Harry Tuazon, Bhamla Lab at Georgia Tech. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682602240476-X3LUWNS145O0WQQRPGAN/ezgif.com-optimize-11.gif Projects blog - Living Worm Tangles - Unlocking the 3D Structure of Worm Tangles Using ultrasound imaging, we unraveled the intricate 3D structure of living worm tangles for the first time. This insight uncovers how the contact and intertwining between worms form their cohesive topologically tangled state. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/efb5cb6f-15ee-451b-9164-baf383644eea/Screenshot+2023-04-27+at+1.03.46+PM.png Projects blog - Living Worm Tangles - Understanding Worm Tangles through Topological Analysis We've developed a method called "contact link" to distinguish different forms of worm interactions in tangled structures, providing a clearer representation of tangle states. This lets us compare experimental and simulated worm tangles and can potentially be applied to other tangled systems. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/996fcd75-e1d8-4587-8bf4-9fa6dca3a23b/helical+gate+of+worm+untangling Projects blog - Living Worm Tangles - Decoding the Dynamics of Tangling and Untangling Observing the helical movement patterns during tangling and untangling allowed us to develop mathematical models that reveals a new `helical-wave-resonance’ mechanism. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/0f073a54-957a-4b3b-94f4-e539b5221530/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif Projects blog - Living Worm Tangles - Critical Tangles and the Edge of Stability In our mathematical exploration of worm dynamics, we identified a unique phase space of tangles. Here, blackworms sit precisely on the brink of stability, suggesting they strategically form tangles near the boundary between tangled and untangled states, similar to a famous `picture-hanging puzzle’. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/2aa1e12f-789d-431a-ad77-d3ce383c7131/fig1.png Projects blog - Living Worm Tangles - Classifying Entangled Matter We create models for classifying the complexity of entangled matter which can be applied to passive systems, like bird nets, and active systems, such as our worm blobs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/9014b694-70e3-4ded-8e7f-381a7dc0bb44/Screenshot+2023-04-27+at+1.05.53+PM.png Projects blog - Living Worm Tangles - From Worm Dynamics to Adaptive Materials Understanding the mechanical principles of tangling and untangling in worms opens doors to applications in other tangled systems like DNA and polymers. We can use the blackworm’s extraordinary control as inspiration for designing topologically tunable active materials and flexible robot collectives. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/e4d9320f-ff2b-487a-85e3-2b529225f565/spiral+coil.gif Projects blog - Living Worm Tangles - Spiral Predation We describe a spiral “entombment” predation strategy, where Helobdellid leeches latch onto blackworms with their anterior sucker and envelop them in a spiral cocoon. Quantitative analysis shows that larger leeches succeed more often in entombing prey, while longer worms tend to escape. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/a329a818-ee28-4ce0-916a-88c64aae1c8e/Screen+Recording+2025-09-27+at+1.21.26%E2%80%AFAM.gif Projects blog - Living Worm Tangles - Soft Robots that Coil and Uncoil on Command We designed slender silicone robots coil when pressurized and uncoil when pressure drops, thanks to an asymmetric inner chamber. A custom controller runs them in air or underwater (using syringes for hydraulic actuation), giving repeatable worm-like motion. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/eb416e9f-3510-46ff-a698-d8ecf83c3b12/Screen+Recording+2025-09-27+at+12.32.30%E2%80%AFAM.gif Projects blog - Living Worm Tangles - They Entangle and Move as One Pressurize a handful and they curl into a blob on their own, then locomote together, it’s smoother when a few keep a light “wiggle” to cut friction. In our tests, robot blobs advanced with pushers at the back, showing a simple route from knots to team motion. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/9ca83539-fd3c-4a18-a7c7-05fb08735b7f/Screen+Recording+2025-09-27+at+1.04.39%E2%80%AFAM-3.gif Projects blog - Living Worm Tangles - Robots that Carry Cargo If cargo is present, the blob wraps it, moves it as a team, then releases on cue by depressurizing. Robots carried a 3D-printed object this way (and worms did the same with a mesh). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/e6d29c00-c364-4681-ae18-2412b1a1e5f2/worm.gif Projects blog - Living Worm Tangles - Planarian's Tail Remains Immobile while Attacking Prey Blackworms We found that during blackworm escape attempts, the planarian’s tail remains nearly immobile while the prey moves rapidly. High-speed tracking shows that the blackworm can reach speeds near 200 millimeters per second, whereas the planarian tail stays confined to a small region with almost zero velocity, indicating strong adhesion to the substrate that anchors the predator during the attack. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/b5ea1a9b-3a57-47ff-b6e1-d4cd1a819555/soft+matter+jpg.jpg Projects blog - Living Worm Tangles - Make it stand out Harry Tuazon’s blackworm tangle image was featured on the inner cover of Soft Matter! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682350972359-KJQ8OTR1E0VGASSGZSV4/Worm+Tangles+P1+%28Web%29.jpg Projects blog - Living Worm Tangles https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682350983308-R53GWM66Z1KLOZU2WHHU/Worm+Tangles+P2+%28Web%29.jpg Projects blog - Living Worm Tangles https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/mudskipper-blink monthly 0.5 2024-07-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/3d7e4b15-f6d5-4cd8-bf7d-b2550fa91f56/output_jacob2+%282%29.gif Projects blog - Mudskipper Blinks - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/c575edf3-1cf4-4a56-96b2-b28c453caecb/20230425132604.gif Projects blog - Mudskipper Blinks - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682364050560-WKYW8MDCRVJ0KTHLK45U/03_Indian_mudskipper_blinking_open.png Projects blog - Mudskipper Blinks https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682364054546-WZ5KA2NCS2S80J8SR9IP/03_Indian_mudskipper_blinking_closed.png Projects blog - Mudskipper Blinks https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/874810cd-2bf2-4cef-9d22-3466d3e00dd7/output_jacob2.gif Projects blog - Mudskipper Blinks - Mudskippers have the same muscles as any other fish, but they can use them differently! Analyses of the anatomy of mudskippers and their close relatives show that they use the same eye muscles that other fish have around their eyes to perform their blinks. Mudskippers blink by lowering the eye and raising a lower membrane called the “dermal cup”. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/71c355b0-bfac-4467-94b9-f9d40c796989/output_jacob+%281%29.gif Projects blog - Mudskipper Blinks - Blinking helps mudskippers keep their eyes wet, clean, and protected! Through experiments, we showed that mudskippers blinked more often in environments where evaporation is high. Mudskipper blinks can clean any about 97% of foreign particles from the corneal surface. And if something touches their eyes, mudskippers will blink in under 30 milliseconds, about as fast as humans, to try and protect the eye. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1fb12118-9583-4e01-a7d7-410b3dc6d491/FuglIl7agAMtshw.png Projects blog - Mudskipper Blinks - Mudskippers and tetrapods probably both evolved blinking to keep their eyes working while living on land! About 375 million years ago, one group of fishes left the water and began to live on land which eventually give rise to amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals (which includes humans). Studying this water-to-land transition is challenging because scientists are limited to fossil records. However, mudskippers evolved their ability to survive on land independently of tetrapods! Our research shows that blinking in mudskippers is functionally convergent to the evolution of blinking in tetrapods. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/87ebd675-c390-4bbc-8838-56465486c3f8/02_mudskipper_on_the_shore.jpg Projects blog - Mudskipper Blinks - Make it stand out A mudskipper (Boleophthalmus caeruleomaculatus) resting at the water’s edge. Taken at Mai Po Nature Reserve, Hong Kong. (Image Credit: Daniel J. Field) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682453962679-CDGOH56VIAHXOJHJQLMI/Mudskippers+P1+%28Web%29+v3.jpg Projects blog - Mudskipper Blinks https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1682365826610-TP9JKX9MGG9S502NJDGL/Mudskippers+P2+%28Web%29+v2.jpg Projects blog - Mudskipper Blinks https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/sharpshooter-superpropulsion monthly 0.5 2024-07-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/0cacadb5-a92d-4eb6-94ee-9da09058290d/sharpshooter+pee.jpeg Projects blog - Sharpshooters - Make it stand out Credit: RNZ / Asia Martusia King https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677517268103-CFZ9AWO9PF7Y07561BUC/sharpshooter+4+full+splayed+65mm+1.5x++zcomp.jpeg Projects blog - Sharpshooters https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/3ff07a31-5d9a-48db-83e4-d3fad22f4c4d/image+%281%29.png Projects blog - Sharpshooters https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677517255468-NJ9YK548GW6IYB5OATB5/stylus_Side+200mm+10X+h_comp+Pmax+zcomp.jpeg Projects blog - Sharpshooters - Sharpshooters catapult their droplets using their anal stylus. Sharpshooters form discrete droplets on a specialized appendage called an ‘anal stylus’. Once a droplet is formed, it is explosively launched by the stylus at 40 g’s acceleration. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/807db6c0-b247-45c8-b028-7c6c6e6f2aa7/droplet+fling Projects blog - Sharpshooters - Sharpshooters are the first biological example of superpropulsion! Sharpshooters exploit ‘droplet superpropulsion’, which happens when the droplet excreta moves at a higher speed than the speed of the stylus. This incredible event comes about because the frequency of their anal stylus is tuned to the Rayleigh frequency of the droplet. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/11cd85e4-b9cb-47f6-a362-35b5b418e899/Screen+Shot+2023-02-27+at+1.12.05+PM.png Projects blog - Sharpshooters - It’s more efficient for sharpshooters to fling one drop at a time. Sharpshooters catapult single droplets to minimize energetic costs. Forming a jet with muscles at a small scale is energetically costly since it requires high pressure. Instead, forming droplets requires less energy. Once a droplet is formed, superpropulsion transfers the maximum energy from the actuator to the elastic projectile. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/4a40a9a7-a2f9-41a5-9777-7148ad7d20df/watch+gif.gif Projects blog - Sharpshooters - Superpropulsion principles could lead to bioinspired fluid ejectors . Water droplets often stick to surfaces due to surface tension, which can be undesirable in several contexts. Superpropulsion of sticky droplets offers a way to eject droplets from surfaces by vibrating the surface to the vibrational frequency of the droplets, such as in the smart watch on the left. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/6c42372a-a7db-421c-9feb-4cef46996d2e/microCT Projects blog - Sharpshooters - Make it stand out MicroCT of sharpshooter revealing hindgut and anal stylus structure. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/048adf40-5da6-4afd-bde1-53d7300a34c7/Screen+Shot+2023-04-24+at+11.14.05+AM.png Projects blog - Sharpshooters - “Droplets of such a small size stick to the walls by capillary action,” explains David Quéré, a physicist at ESPCI. “Without an efficient ejection mechanism, they would not take off.” Science & Vie Magazine, May 2023 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677517181729-B6HMHU9MH2LULBMYPBGL/XHSzQeaA.jpeg Projects blog - Sharpshooters https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677522204400-1EIE0S7HARFG8IP3KBVL/2B6F030F-F5D7-4EB1-AD7F-0279A66BF7EA_1_105_c.jpeg Projects blog - Sharpshooters https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677517187158-FZWALWK0FG081A6570YQ/Z-kEqiSA.jpeg Projects blog - Sharpshooters https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677522190792-VRNC985JMRHL8M74PFIY/1D073C97-011E-4C1C-B4B0-67E476AFBB70.JPG Projects blog - Sharpshooters https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677517199925-OZISDYZVQKQLEGAKZQ4V/Picture1.jpg Projects blog - Sharpshooters https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677548185206-EFZI61EK7HJHR9AIUPC9/IMG_0652.jpeg Projects blog - Sharpshooters https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677548241624-BG9SNBHLQSH8E55EGPRW/IMG_1220.JPG Projects blog - Sharpshooters https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677548468434-ACQFIFYY0V7UI4MPH5S1/IMG_0378.jpeg Projects blog - Sharpshooters https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677548559482-W9ZKK7H3Y67QYWG329WL/IMG_0483.jpeg Projects blog - Sharpshooters https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1678112312083-8BADIG51WUSZDBK61USX/Sharpshooter+Comic+1+%28Web%29+UPDATE.jpg Projects blog - Sharpshooters https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1678112319621-WIJUAWYEWEVRRAMI05LQ/Sharpshooter+Comic+2+%28Web%29+UPDATE.jpg Projects blog - Sharpshooters https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/springtails monthly 0.5 2025-04-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/3b9620cd-c451-4afb-86ac-965fe4f7c6fb/springtail.jpeg Projects blog - Leaping Springtails - Make it stand out Semiaquatic springtail (I. retardatus) with its manubrium-furcula and collophore highlighted in green and red, respectively. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/2ef75a5c-b5bd-4a7f-ab93-7366d1d7a29f/springtail+righting+gif.gif Projects blog - Leaping Springtails - Springtails can orient themselves in midair to land on their feet. After it leaps off the ground, the springtail will adopt a specific body posture that helps orient them in mid-air. Impressively, the springtail can right itself in the air in under 20 milliseconds! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/dae67ce4-7ef5-4700-a7e0-3fccb40495ba/collophore+gif.gif Projects blog - Leaping Springtails - Springtails use water droplets to stabilize and control their landing. When leaping off the water, the springtail will often use an organ called a collophore to hold a small droplet of water underneath them. This droplet aids in aerial righting but also plays a major role in landing. As the springtail impacts the substrate during landing, the droplet will make first contract and dissipate energy, allowing the springtail to maintain balance and land on its feet. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/de33e246-1add-4005-b11f-33d772de12d5/springtail+robot+gif.gif Projects blog - Leaping Springtails - The bio-inspired design of springtail jumps opens a new pathway for controlled, repeatable jumps for micro-robots. In collaboration with Dr. Jesung Koh, we built a jumping robot inspired by the springtails’ jumps. Impressively, our springtail robot could right itself in the air and land on its feet 75% of the time. Controlled landing in jumping robots is an understudied area; most research on robotic jumpers focuses on the take-off. Building a robot that reliably lands on its feet means it would be able to immediately jump again, which is a significant leap forward for robotic jumpers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/59ab4066-0d08-4640-ad18-96e77f3f3b6f/springtail_cover.png Projects blog - Leaping Springtails - "This work shows just how important controlled motion is for predator escape and survival. Springtails could not have become the most abundant non-insect hexapod without being able to control their gymnast-like escape response. In addition to being fascinating to watch, this new understanding of the biomechanics of how springtails control their jump, spin in midair, and land safely on water could lead to advances in fields from robotics to aerodynamics." Dr. Kathryn Dickson, Program Director of the Physiological Mechanisms and Biomechanics Program, National Science Foundation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1675713275538-5CK0NAWR9F2ROJBH8QF0/springtail+comic+1.jpeg Projects blog - Leaping Springtails https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1675713290419-SWEH84ZB9I927CFPP94K/springtail+comic+2.jpeg Projects blog - Leaping Springtails https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/worm-blobs monthly 0.5 2025-05-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/a018724d-8140-45d0-af5a-1c17658781a6/worm+blob+gif.gif Projects blog - Worm blobs - Make it stand out A blackworm blob under a microscope. It only takes around 10 worms to form a coherent blob. There is no known limit to how many worms can form a blob. Credit. Harry Tuazon, Bhamla Lab at Georgia Tech https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/185291e2-c229-45b3-94e7-fbe5ce062094/Screen+Shot+2025-05-19+at+5.25.35+PM.png Projects blog - Worm blobs - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1634748260095-RRPSU1D3G6ZB4DESZIW3/worm+blob+bhamla+2.gif Projects blog - Worm blobs - Worm blobs exhibit complex emergent behavior for collective survival Worms form hemispherical shapes to reduce evaporation or collectively crawl to colder temperatures for safety. These blobs form a class of adaptive mechanofunctional living materials. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/dd2aff0e-80ea-4323-ac34-ef88fe617965/tail-activity.gif Projects blog - Worm blobs - Worm blobs undergo a collective behavior change as a function of dissolved oxygen concentration. The relative tail reaching activity flux of worms in low DO (<2 mg/L) is ~75x higher than worms in high DO (>8 mg/L). Additionally, we see that worm blobs in high DO form a much more tightly entangled, spherical collective while worms in low DO form a relaxed blob. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1634748024111-YFH973XTEETBU5DJV8ZK/active+polymer+worm+blob.gif Projects blog - Worm blobs - Worm blobs can break-symmetry through entanglements and functional differentiation Using active polymer models with biological experiments we are uncovering how worms (and simulated polyworms) exhibit emergent locomotion behavior through active knots and tangles. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1634745187390-2WZVGR1RVI377K5UK51B/2021-collective.gif Projects blog - Worm blobs - Robophysical blobs pave the way for emergent robotics Robotic blobs reveal the rich phase behavior that emerges due to stochastic local interactions that lead to emergent functionalities. These principles can be harnessed in the design of emergent swarm robots for real-world applications. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/ebfe83b4-3905-47fe-93e8-9b448250e139/worm+blob+smarticles.gif Projects blog - Worm blobs - Worm blobs and simulated “smarticles” exhibit tunable elastic properties as a function of entanglement. Numerically simulated “smarticles” and worm blobs demonstrate that the elastic properties of a collective structure can be tuned by controlling the entanglement of the individual units. These can inspire new classes of synthetic emergent super-materials. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/bc668c65-208f-4eb4-a27a-54ec03215f6e/ezgif.com-gif-maker.gif Projects blog - Worm blobs - Insights into material collecting behavior in worm blobs The gathering habits of blackworms reveal that material clumping efficiency is influenced by population size and is driven by mucus secretions, offering insights into potential collective behavior and bioinspired systems. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/8deae760-7d31-498c-859e-c8b49006a154/fig2.png Projects blog - Worm blobs - Unlocking Secrets of Topologically Tangled Active Matter We explore the rich potential of worm blobs, showcasing emergent behaviors and inspiring future directions in soft robotic physics and active polymer research. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/0b1833eb-9168-48b4-8fb4-de531cef7497/fig5.png Projects blog - Worm blobs - Quantifying Blob Properties We have uncovered various properties of these blobs: they behave as a liquid and can bounce as a solid, can form and reform (like traditional polymeric solutions), and the blob can collectively respond to light, temperature, or oxygen and generate locomotion. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/05ccb04d-b77f-47b3-92cb-d1c0727c67a1/Screen+Shot+2025-05-19+at+5.25.35+PM.png Projects blog - Worm blobs - Worms leverage surface tension rather than buoyancy for flotation Blackworms achieve flotation by latching a small portion of their tail to the water surface, utilizing surface tension to support up to eight times their body weight. Contrary to expectations, surface corrugations along the body do not increase flotation capacity, indicating their role may be more related to regulating contact or rapid detachment rather than enhancing weight support. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1675177855134-U3BUETSZVPZ66KU7OVRT/EmilyDarshan.jpg Projects blog - Worm blobs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1675177859084-5OG4GCIMEHMZTG9D2VYC/Harry_sample.jpeg Projects blog - Worm blobs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1675178172421-AYF6S8OJFPLKPHVBE0FN/IMG_3092.jpg Projects blog - Worm blobs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1675178444307-MQPR6T4QYN4ALL64KGGW/IMG_3149.jpg Projects blog - Worm blobs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1675275821869-G3ROJLPDLBORE90F54IQ/Harry.jpg Projects blog - Worm blobs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1675275845343-VXFKLBLERZV1Y7JHYTMV/Scene2.jpg Projects blog - Worm blobs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1675275855062-71Y16I5IIJPZSM1ZDGHD/SaadSittingonPlant.jpg Projects blog - Worm blobs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1675276018827-7G9G5L6AERAQDS5G4TS2/Scene1.jpg Projects blog - Worm blobs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1627493716622-GDTU5W26UGG4Q17L12SQ/WormBlob_Page1_0124_RGB.jpg Projects blog - Worm blobs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1627493717067-TR423MXVYOK0QJELX0Q1/WormBlob_Page2_0124_RGB.jpg Projects blog - Worm blobs https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/finger-snap-physics monthly 0.5 2024-06-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/f952c16a-91e2-44da-aee0-3c7cc74fcd34/oh-snap-banner.jpg Projects blog - Finger Snap Physics - Make it stand out Raghav Acharya, Elio Challita and Saad Bhamla. Finger snap physics 2021 Georgia Tech. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/9fce125c-1a82-44a7-b8bf-ef769dd90c43/finger+snap.gif Projects blog - Finger Snap Physics - There’s a “Goldilocks zone” of friction where you can get the highest velocity snap possible. Too much friction or too little friction, both yield poor snaps. Some friction is necessary to load energy to power the snap, but too much friction dissipates all that energy during unlatching. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1771cf79-7481-4f43-9388-3228a1313eed/finger+snap+overlay.png Projects blog - Finger Snap Physics - Finger pad compression plays an important role in snapping When we tried to snap using copper thimbles, we couldn’t! The natural compressibility in our fingers is necessary to engage the latch between our two fingers when we snap. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/c9489fd8-6169-4bb0-a843-591cbf8167e2/vase+snap+2.png Projects blog - Finger Snap Physics - But why can humans snap? Snapping has been a part of human culture since the ancient Greeks. However, though humans have been snapping for ages, it remains unclear if other primates like apes or chimpanzees can snap their fingers. So, it is still unclear why humans can snap! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/c0bf9f1d-4a02-4092-be34-c204b595f3db/FingerSnapComic_English_BhamlaLab_final.jpg Projects blog - Finger Snap Physics - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/ultrasound-dewatering monthly 0.5 2024-07-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/7bcb5865-220c-4d9c-915e-c7c32f1ca45d/high+contrast+image.jpg Projects blog - Ultrasound dewatering - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/dfa3cead-9b94-447d-bfde-7cfb77af8234/SEM+original+fibril+trio.png Projects blog - Ultrasound dewatering - Make it stand out Images of CNF using Scanning Electron Microscopy at various magnifications showing the wide range of fibril dimensions present. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/9fd4d944-7e1e-4214-8cce-ac30c71504eb/Screenshot+2023-02-26+at+9.06.29+PM.png Projects blog - Ultrasound dewatering - Ultrasound as a Low-Cost and Scalable Dewatering Alternative We demonstrated ultrasound as a potentially low-cost and scalable alternative to traditional heat-based drying methods for cellulose nanofibril suspensions. We used a direct-contact mode ultrasonic dewatering platform using vibrating mesh transducers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/6371b34f-d1ae-4e10-b069-8c141361a533/ultrasound+mist.gif Projects blog - Ultrasound dewatering - Modulated Dewatering with Vibrating Mesh Transducers The degree of dewatering achieved was modulated by the number of transducers, their spatial configuration, and the flow rate of the suspension. We achieved water removal of up to 72 wt.% in 30 minutes, corresponding to a final concentration of 11 wt.% of cellulose nanofibrils. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/e0c2700b-d642-4372-b46b-2cff2e8d29ff/Screenshot+2023-02-26+at+9.14.02+PM.png Projects blog - Ultrasound dewatering - Energy-Efficient and Redispersible CNFs We found that the ultrasound dewatering technique is energy-efficient, consuming up to 36% less energy than the enthalpy of evaporation per kilogram of water. More importantly, redispersion of the dewatered cellulose nanofibrils showed no significant difference in morphology compared to the original samples. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/b2bd52a1-1b9d-43fe-b59a-7691d7b58d2c/60+90+figure+1.png Projects blog - Ultrasound dewatering - Effect of Fines Content By comparing CNF samples with 60% and 90% fines, we found that higher fines content leads to longer drying times which can be attributed to higher availability to hydrogen bonding sites. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/e8141fb1-f25b-41e4-a17c-343c26b693e4/phasic.png Projects blog - Ultrasound dewatering - Biphasic Pattern The water removal follows a biphasic pattern with phase two commencing when 50 % water is removed from the system. Interestingly, in phase two, the systems demonstrate similar dewatering rates irrespective of the fines percentage. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/05526822-dbcd-4f02-9a2d-3e3f6e07300b/redispersion.png Projects blog - Ultrasound dewatering - Redispersion Time Post-dewatering redispersion revealed minimal agglomeration, maintaining quality across samples. However, higher redispersion time is recommended for higher fines content. https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/the-epatch monthly 0.5 2024-05-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1bd1ff16-6540-4a6e-948d-e1e53e7e7562/Worm+Blobs_ePatch+Nov+2022.001.jpeg Projects blog - ePatch and Electropen - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/a480b042-a23d-4289-a616-eb8ab6ff070b/Original+Logo.png Projects blog - ePatch and Electropen - Make it stand out Learn more about Piezo Therapeutics by clicking the image above to be brought to the website. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/91b70c73-9604-4208-9711-5ef00924eea0/electropen+fig+2.png Projects blog - ePatch and Electropen - Electroporation depends on 2 key parameters: field strength and time constant. Field strength is the peak voltage divided by the electrode gap and time constant is the decay or length of pulse. Depending on the organism, these parameters vary. For E. coli, this required short, high-voltage pulses applied in inexpensive millifluidic channels. For mammalian systems, we use microneedle electrodes to optimize field-strength. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/5480f0d7-f852-43ae-95bb-ad5a6e2ad29f/bbq+lighter+piezo.gif Projects blog - ePatch and Electropen - A BBQ lighter generates short, high voltage pulses using piezoelectricity and meets the constraints for electroporation. By striking a piezoelectric crystal, a BBQ lighter converts mechanical to electrical energy which is used as a spark to ignite gas or can be used to permeabilize cells. This principle was discovered by the Curie brothers over 150 years ago! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/e5cfec93-4aad-42e4-8f48-166d2a86a6b7/Screenshot+2023-02-25+at+7.05.35+AM.png Projects blog - ePatch and Electropen - ePatch generates strong immune responses with improved tolerability. This combination concentrates electric pulses to the epidermis achieving enhanced immunogenicity while keeping pulses away from nerves to improve tolerability. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/869a53a6-4f3b-467d-bc4c-9355570e3d27/image.png Projects blog - ePatch and Electropen - ePatch delivery improved the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of a COVID-19 DNA vaccine. ePatch enabled at least 10-fold dose sparing compared to IM and ID delivery (at least 10x improvement in immune responses) and improved protection against a pseudovirus from 20% to 90%. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/706719df-689b-40d5-bd73-c2b62443ed3d/VAS.jpg Projects blog - ePatch and Electropen - Excellent tolerance of ePatch in human subjects We found that electroporation (1-10 electric pulses) via an ePatch cause significantly less pain than that caused by the insertion of a hypodermic needle inside skin. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/a16a3520-688e-447b-8ed5-0a580b0df03d/E-Patch+Shots-22.jpg Projects blog - ePatch and Electropen - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/slingshot-spiders monthly 0.5 2025-06-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/a799c758-482b-4751-9ba9-302ccd0418f8/SICB_SlingshotSpider_Jan2020.001.jpeg Projects blog - Slingshot spiders - Make it stand out Image credits: Lawrence E. Reeves https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/ddb11f55-ec7e-486e-8ee4-3d4f720ce147/TRC+7+top+200mm+10X+ZComp+with+final+edits.jpeg Projects blog - Slingshot spiders - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/89943463-b0b0-4ac9-af3a-da07c2d32457/spider+walk.gif Projects blog - Slingshot spiders - Slingshot spiders achieve ultrafast speeds and accelerations. Slingshot spiders (Theridiosoma) can reach a peak speed of 4.2 m/s and an acceleration of 130 g— making them the fastest whole-body movement in a biological system. They use their pedipalps (“hands”) to hold onto the deformed web structure while awaiting their prey. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/0c392499-89d3-4cf4-aba9-0993f305fc2a/Screen+Shot+2023-02-26+at+2.30.16+PM.png Projects blog - Slingshot spiders - Slingshot spiders use their web as a spring to catapult themselves at extreme speeds. Slingshot spiders load elastic energy by deforming their webs into a cone-like structure, creating a powerful spring with one of the highest power densities in natural materials. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/32c4c76a-a696-4d77-bb1e-19b7be6e7a65/motion_stop.gif Projects blog - Slingshot spiders - Slingshot spiders also rapidly halt their ultrafast movements within a few milliseconds. Slingshot spiders stop their movements using a specialized ‘tension line’ and air drag. We found the special conical web architecture permits it to act both as an elastic spring and a shock absorber, enhancing prey capture successes while avoiding web breakage and spider injury. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/8dee8a41-c063-4df0-b208-3878484d3876/image67.jpg Projects blog - Slingshot spiders - Make it stand out David vs. Goliath. Using these 3D webs, slingshot spiders catch prey much larger than them. How they sense prey in mid-air remains unknown. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677439940477-777DT6J63ENI8LG8ZBIW/IMG_1127.jpeg Projects blog - Slingshot spiders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677439921608-LZ27XN15MZ9BGYSDE1H1/DSC_4936_ed_sm.jpeg Projects blog - Slingshot spiders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677442049400-NMMSP4J8UF834QSQQNDZ/IMG_1964.jpg Projects blog - Slingshot spiders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677439926992-HOR8GRDRM524F3CKPVZG/DSC_5010_ed_sm.jpg Projects blog - Slingshot spiders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677442034160-ENUMK8QXYQKUKPWCVDU2/IMG_1999.jpg Projects blog - Slingshot spiders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677441987380-H2LREMAZMPQWPDEPHB3O/IMG_1497.jpg Projects blog - Slingshot spiders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677441994809-LCR9H1YCFKW25TL5HWGX/IMG_2084.jpg Projects blog - Slingshot spiders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677442115669-8ZTFUPK17KQ8KBGGS5NQ/IMG_3669.jpg Projects blog - Slingshot spiders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677442623825-PRT6JGS1GLAIZ90HCN9X/IMG_2036.JPG Projects blog - Slingshot spiders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1627493726336-XWO3PVNHKZWTD3O2XKYW/Bhamla+Slingshot+Spider+Extraordinary+Co.jpg Projects blog - Slingshot spiders https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/ultra-low-cost-hearing-aid monthly 0.5 2024-05-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/f907fe05-d587-4b49-b47e-db68e6c6c9dd/LoCHAid-01.png Projects blog - Low-Cost Hearing Aid - Make it stand out The LoCHAid is built from standard electronic components housed in a 3D-printed shell. The prototype resembles a wearable music player. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1687443618688-BZE6V5HH0M09X6XUK36A/newsweek+cover.jpeg Projects blog - Low-Cost Hearing Aid https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1687443618619-29NOXB0E8OOCJAQI5D8M/Newsweek+Bhamla+Medical+Marvels+.jpg Projects blog - Low-Cost Hearing Aid https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/a602e133-5a5b-4ffb-a5e3-50ef801982ac/lochaid+build.gif Projects blog - Low-Cost Hearing Aid - LoCHAid costs less than one dollar to manufacture. When mass produced at 10,000 units with earphones, a coin-cell battery and a holder, the device has a cost of $0.98 and can be manufactured by a minimally skilled user with a soldering iron. You can find all the files and instructions on GitHub. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/47bd4931-ae6e-491a-9bca-3a6e8dbd6ddd/Screen+Shot+2023-02-22+at+12.54.57+PM.png Projects blog - Low-Cost Hearing Aid - LoCHAid meets most of the targets set out by WHO Preferred Product Profile and Consumer Technology Association for hearing aids. The hearing aid’s frequency response shows selectable gain in the range of 4-8 kHz, and mild to moderate gain between 200-1000 Hz, and shows very limited total distortion. Simulated measurements show that LoCHAid is well fitted to a range of age-related hearing loss profiles. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/9303485d-e9d2-48a5-afce-3dd75adacc72/Screen+Shot+2023-02-22+at+12.56.57+PM.png Projects blog - Low-Cost Hearing Aid - In a small pilot trial in Malawi, we found that no significant difference between the LoCHAid and a refurbished hearing aid Over a one-month trial, 16 participants were fitted with the LoCHAid and a refurbished aid. Through sound quality and user experience surveys, our feasibility study found similar degree of improvement in hearing quality in participants. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/a98677d8-5f94-49d4-a8c9-6285073e72d7/LoCHAid-9862.jpg Projects blog - Low-Cost Hearing Aid - Make it stand out The LoCHAid uses widely available, off the shelf components that together cost less than $1 in bulk quantities. (Credit: Craig Bromley) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677087348202-FOSKU4HGIFE96LH2PT1Q/Screen+Shot+2023-02-22+at+12.35.32+PM.png Projects blog - Low-Cost Hearing Aid https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677087508843-NI3O48VU56JLXTPO042Y/Screen+Shot+2023-02-22+at+12.37.31+PM.png Projects blog - Low-Cost Hearing Aid https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1677087531972-4KRMYIMXKS8RXXFCFU8F/Screen+Shot+2023-02-22+at+12.38.47+PM.png Projects blog - Low-Cost Hearing Aid https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/paperfuge-3dfuge monthly 0.5 2024-05-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/c9e3aa06-297e-4209-86e1-3bd68f57952f/paperfuge.jpg Projects blog - Low-Cost Centrifuge - Make it stand out The Paperfuge, a hand-powered low-cost centrifuge, in action. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/fd1fefb8-7eea-4ec2-8ef0-26640725dd8a/paperfuge+gif.gif Projects blog - Low-Cost Centrifuge - The Paperfuge achieves speeds of 125,000 r.p.m. and centrifugal forces of 30,000 g. The paperfuge can separate pure plasma from whole blood in less than 1.5 minutes, and isolate malaria parasites in 15 minutes. This makes it a reliable low-cost tool to use in medical diagnostics in resource-constrained settings. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/294c4fb2-1d99-4b15-a778-74581f419ef7/3dfuge+gif.gif Projects blog - Low-Cost Centrifuge - The 3D-Fuge increases the volume capacity to 2 mL, enabling its use in molecular biology. This volume capacity increases allows the hand-powered 3D-Fuge to be used for spinning down samples for biomarker applications or performing nucleotide extraction for DNA sequencing. We employ this in high school settings and deep in the Amazon Rainforest. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/00c8e7d1-aaee-4122-97fe-14c9b92198cc/paperfuge_field.gif Projects blog - Low-Cost Centrifuge - The paperfuge has sparked a ‘centrifrugal’ revolution It’s simplicity, play-like design and powerful applications have inspired a broad spectrum of citizen scientists, high school students, and academic researchers to think frugally to design accessible and affordable biomedical devices. For its societal impact, the paperfuge was recognized with the 2018 Beazley Design award (alongside the SpaceX Falcon Heavy). https://bhamla.gatech.edu/project-blog/spirostomum-collective monthly 0.5 2025-03-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/c23a5845-cd6c-40b0-88f7-fb9a158faf21/spirostomum-swim.gif Projects blog - Spirostomum - Make it stand out Spirostomum ambiguum. A dinosaur of the microbial world. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/8908dbbc-6028-4259-9d3c-0bf49c803231/group-contraction.gif Projects blog - Spirostomum - Make it stand out Discovery of a puzzling group contraction. Cells appear to contract instantaneously. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/4a5eefd4-bdd6-4940-88b7-1de58f825f90/cell+wave.gif Projects blog - Spirostomum - Spirostomum contract their cytoskeleton so quickly it generates a flow in the surrounding water. Spirostomum can contract to about 40% of its original length in five milliseconds, which is 100 times faster than the blink of an eye,This rapid movement generates a long-ranged vortex flow in the fluid! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/65ba6513-ea60-470a-bcda-214255c0065c/spirostomum+contract+gif.gif Projects blog - Spirostomum - Fluid flow triggers population-level waves of contraction. When one cell triggers, all nearby cells will fire as well! When a single cell contracts, the long-range vortex will trigger the neighboring cells. As long as the neighboring cells are close enough, the wave will propagate across the entire population. This is a fascinating example of long-ranged single-cell signaling using hydrodynamics. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/b83cea2f-6999-4a9c-89ad-ad38e0de410b/Screenshot+2023-02-27+at+10.03.38+PM.png Projects blog - Spirostomum - Cell contraction triggered by mechanical strain and ion channel opening. We establish a connection between the velocity of the flow that triggers a contraction and the level of tension induced in biological membranes. We discovered an intriguing similarity between the tension required to open mechanosensitive ion channels in cell membranes and the tension that triggers contraction, supporting the idea that protists use these channels to sense liquid flows. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/f614f624-d4c9-4dad-b80e-8da5c9b66806/spiro-01.jpg Projects blog - Spirostomum - Hydrodynamic signaling enables long-range communication We identified a new form of rapid, long-range signaling among single-celled organisms, which enables Spirostomum to coordinate its contractions and synchronize toxin release. This hydrodynamic signaling is much faster than traditional signaling through swimming and decays rapidly with distance. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/563cebdc-65f1-4cc8-837b-ccb2eb2bad60/spiro+gif.gif Projects blog - Spirostomum - Make it stand out Illustration credit: Rebecca Konte https://bhamla.gatech.edu/projects daily 0.75 2023-02-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/c23a5845-cd6c-40b0-88f7-fb9a158faf21/ezgif.com-optimize-7.gif Projects https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1631212430419-QK2JDNFCGCI9GESTWZNX/arrow-orange.gif Projects - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://bhamla.gatech.edu/comics daily 0.75 2026-02-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1638303750892-ZUYLGOPDW7P9MTKI5UN7/black+square.png Comics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1628620980067-C9TZNT7VVUZ8ZAJL7TDB/Bhamla-Collage_Publications-1.png Comics - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/0e09519c-e6e1-42f9-81da-07f0ca2eda27/NSF_logo.png Comics - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/59a6e7db-7386-46dc-9cbc-424aadd2a08c/na_nasem_logo_footer.png Comics - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/4d0932a6-341d-4d8a-b71b-81c2fa5ed192/633b9ae2c95774fb2ea82f26_979de58c-027b-453d-8a56-ba9e119e5613-1569064075413.png Comics - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1752159230799-O9TJ039VEXKD99EK495T/Ripple%2BBugs%2B1%2B%2528Web%2529.jpg Comics - Rapid Ripple Bugs: Click for Spanish and Korean https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1751055441951-OMAK91SBKGHNQ8G2P58H/Ripple+Bugs+2+%28Web%29.jpg Comics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749741158666-3V0A2KE4OQI4U8HTQJ0B/Manu_Page_1.png Comics - Manu Jumping: Click for Tagalog https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749741159534-G7LMV984MNFLJ7BRN8LZ/Manu_Page_2.png Comics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749741324787-N671W1TEUAAQLLK80LKE/flamingos_comic_p1.png Comics - Fantastic Flamingos: Click for Spanish https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749741321168-QG3AU734A3EK87IRJIV1/flamingos_comic_p2.png Comics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749742971488-K1X041KBBTCVDHD4F4RM/Super+springy+worms+page+1_ENG_digital.png Comics - Super Springing Worms: Click for Japanese, Hindi https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749742971647-QJKMWVFRPE0Q4S16S2B1/Super+springy+worms+page+2_ENG_digital.png Comics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749742997953-OQNLU6IYQJNTVJOY8JYW/microvelia+p1.jpg Comics - Microvelia: Click for Punjabi https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749742997857-OBLQ71VVV1LAOIKGW7J1/microvelia+p2.jpg Comics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749743307815-0K35STECCME68A0UCGBE/cicada+p1.png Comics - Captain Cicada: Click for Spanish https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749743305730-T8J2A2F3RFE8H8Y972RQ/cicada+p2.jpg Comics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749743329433-5BHK2JVC5CEBBCH3ARLI/Sheepdog-pg-1-colors-final-webres.jpg Comics - Sheepdog https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749743329403-FM2X5T87YC2C4SL409TS/Sheepdog-pg-2-colors-final-webres.jpg Comics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749743477722-Y66VHW71F7C8GQX7GRF8/Protist+1.jpg Comics - Protists https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749743477810-1CI83LEAZC0UWUB1NKX7/Protist+2.jpg Comics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749743511038-1KL377VJ0V9IAWR8KAMB/Worm+Tangles+P1+%28Web%29.jpg Comics - Untangling Worms: Click for Spanish, Thai https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749743510397-VD346JS3XUXN8SPGA15G/Worm+Tangles+P2+%28Web%29.jpg Comics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749743820140-88ORRHDDY110O9YFDD0J/Mudskippers+P1.jpg Comics - Mudskippers: Click for Spanish, Bangla https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749743820720-XXMC59JI5R7RMM1J1VGD/Mudskippers+P2.jpg Comics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749743836185-8KHBA38JIHVZYCSDU5R9/Sharpshooter+Comic+1+%28Web%29+UPDATE.jpg Comics - Sharpshooter: Click for Arabic https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749743836221-V5ET5IL0KU5AIMV0HOJ6/Sharpshooter+Comic+2+%28Web%29+UPDATE.jpg Comics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749744033930-T52CD0Q5QZIN9J6GIQ35/SprintailComic_Color_Page1_Eng.jpeg Comics - Springtail: Click for Hindi, Korean, Spanish https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749744033585-XCBSU3PH3NS99GWW1BF5/SprintailComic_Color_Page2_Eng.jpeg Comics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749744043452-V5MBLLQT4BK1AF3P4251/FingerSnapComic_English_BhamlaLab_final.jpg Comics - Finger Snap: Click for Hindi, Spanish https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749744189375-XIKMGRZ5DPR5KTFN7J2V/WormBlob_Page1_0124_RGB.jpg Comics - Worm Blobs: Click for Spanish https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749744189390-BM5L2AFMEHB6V58E5DH8/WormBlob_Page2_0124_RGB.jpg Comics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1749744200109-BX8CJKRW7W21K360F7Y3/SpiderComicFinal_060220_RGB.jpg Comics - Slingshot: Click for Chinese, Kannada, Spanish, Tamil, Telugu https://bhamla.gatech.edu/people daily 0.75 2025-09-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1626376053735-K9J990J3EFP3MZZBZI7Q/unsplash-image-v9tfYgQVJYE.jpg People https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1628798250324-NFL73IWCAF6D4NWKV77F/Saad-Bhamla-People-Behind-the-Science-1-768x820.jpeg People - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1628623305160-J01QPF2KFN3AUXD7ZSTG/Bhamla-Collage_Publications-5.png People - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1628622438383-XJYTJOOY6D6IE2C6T686/Bhamla-Collage_Publications-2.png People - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/9d25dc87-2dd0-46c8-a871-b867a6c87dcb/C37C3C56-480B-4DC1-B999-566A881983A3_1_105_c.jpg People - Ollie & Bella https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1628621737733-FSC8YN68CQ9NG04B84I1/Bhamla-Collage_Publications-3.png People - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1724943435105-HWH2N2SI6ZCGOE59IPNY/IMG_4527.jpeg People - Fieldwork in South Korea Mud Flats, Summer 2024 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1724943502721-9Y9GWR2N5R0U3MZKQ6WH/IMG_3901.PNG People - 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gallery (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1678111730947-XFQ9AIURWCLUAWAWVLA3/Sharpshooter+Comic+1+%28Web%29+UPDATE.jpg C - gallery (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1678111735807-XMQYSRV4NC1KTNA0QO07/Sharpshooter+Comic+2+%28Web%29+UPDATE.jpg C - gallery (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1696518275946-04LIHEXXRS2GMLXF8EKV/Final+Arabic+Version+PT2-min.png C - gallery (Copy) - Translated by Hossam Ismail, Revision by Mouttasem Al Barodi (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1696635939452-71CS5EUC14KGT7I6CDX0/Final+Arabic+Version+PT1.png C - gallery (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1670590544232-KSUXFGAJIAKT3ULUVBPF/image1.jpeg C - gallery (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1670590544297-P2PPQKRHHJ3DE7QH371X/image0.jpeg C - gallery (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1670590694181-GG9CKG6J4O0QXWEXEFJS/SprintailComic_Color_Page1_Korean_101522.jpg C - gallery (Copy) - Translation by Je-Sung Koh (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1670590693992-A6ZCF5R6QRO0CFGPJKDM/SprintailComic_Color_Page2_Korean.jpg C - gallery (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1670590687780-HLIQ2IZV7954AUUY1ER3/SprintailComic_Color_Page1_Hindi.jpg C - gallery (Copy) - Translation by Sunny Kumar and Ishant Tiwari (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1670590688048-G7F7VJK8H0ON00IPZA4E/SprintailComic_Color_Page2_Hindi_101522.jpg C - gallery (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1670590699149-7UBZPI7E300K3WK3O6VJ/SprintailComic_Color_Page1_Spanish_101922.jpg C - gallery (Copy) - Translation by Victor Ortega-Jimenez (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1670590699044-NE2YZPY9V2I4R131KWCG/SprintailComic_Color_Page2_Spanish_101922.jpg C - gallery (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/f57e78e2-625a-4f6f-a9c7-10d49e02beda/FingerSnapComic_English_BhamlaLab_final.jpg C - gallery (Copy) - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1637150315725-WHM6DJ4SCIP107AWPNI4/FingerSnapComic_Spanish_110821.jpg C - gallery (Copy) - Translation by Victor Ortega-Jimenez (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1637150315339-6ZGVQN3VWNXZRPQS7GCE/FingerSnapComic_Hindi_101521.jpg C - gallery (Copy) - Translation by Sunny Kumar (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1627493716622-GDTU5W26UGG4Q17L12SQ/WormBlob_Page1_0124_RGB.jpg C - gallery (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1627493717067-TR423MXVYOK0QJELX0Q1/WormBlob_Page2_0124_RGB.jpg C - gallery (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1627494993577-XYB48T8NOVAOJY9FZ5PM/WormBlob_Page1_Spanish_RGB.jpg C - gallery (Copy) - Translation by Victor M. Ortega-Jimenez (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1627494992546-SR7I0AYMFUL2H8YXJHBD/WormBlob_Page2_SpanishVersion_RGB.jpg C - gallery (Copy) - Translation by Victor M. Ortega-Jimenez (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1627493726336-XWO3PVNHKZWTD3O2XKYW/Bhamla+Slingshot+Spider+Extraordinary+Co.jpg C - gallery (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1627495159848-1FIDCXKSQCW5GFZUP3J2/SpiderComicFinal_Spanish_RGB.jpg C - gallery (Copy) - Spanish Translation by Johanna Johnson, Javier Navarro and Victor M. Ortega-Jimenez. (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1627495155430-W93RWSE56Q8KAA3V7VB5/SpiderComicFinal_Chinese_RGB.jpg C - gallery (Copy) - Chinese translation by Xiangting Lei and Xu Xinjing (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1627495160168-CVWQHIS8O7DQG6ZACUL7/SpiderComicFinal_Tamil_RGB.jpg C - gallery (Copy) - Tamil translation by P. Arokiavel (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1627495155639-Z4GZYOL1XP6F47WKVW5V/SpiderComicFinal_Kannada_RGB.jpg C - gallery (Copy) - Kannada translation by M. G. Jayanthi &amp; Dr. Rama Janardan (Copy) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/60ef472cab12c51e777931f3/1627495162181-A6LCFF0XTN4ZQZNB7NYH/SpiderComicFinal_Telugu_RGB.jpg C - gallery (Copy) - Telugu translation by Jagadish Nangineni (Copy)